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&#13;
In the clip, an unidentified African American man remarks that he is "depressed with the type of situation that is going on today, especially in the Negro community." He blames African American civil rights leaders for entering communities and "starting trouble," for leaving once "trouble" begins, and for returning when news cameras cover the aftermath. Here, he may be referring to Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) chairman Stokely Carmichael, who, in September of 1966 was present during a neighborhood confrontation with Atlanta police that took place in the city's Summerhill section, though when the situation degenerated into street rioting, Carmichael had already left town. Despite expressing disapproval for Carmichael and SNCC, Atlanta's moderate African American leaders were disinclined to criticize either in the press by name. Next, the man blames Atlanta civil rights leaders for abdicating the responsibility of restoring order when demonstrations break down in African American neighborhoods. He refers specifically to the Summerhill riots as an example of failed African American leadership where, in his view, crowds were left to be appeased by Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. He poses the question "Where are the Leroys, or the other so-called leaders that say that they are the leaders?" This is possibly a reference to Leroy Johnson, an African American state senator from Fulton County and prominent Atlanta civil rights advocate.&#13;
&#13;
He proposes that activists concerned with the African American community "try to offer a program" that provides opportunities for young African American adults seeking employment instead of "depending upon the so-called 'great white father'" to give them a job. He continues by describing Atlanta as a place that is "blessed with a host of influential Negroes" who possess the financial means to do something constructive for the African American community, and believes that making an appeal to these affluent African Americans is better than "depending so on the white power structure to give them something." To further illustrate his point, he describes how he would be ashamed if he were given something that he didn't earn; he then criticizes members of the African American community for not working hard enough, stating "we expect something for nothing. We say we want first class citizenship, but we don't want to earn it."&#13;
&#13;
Atlanta's Summerhill riots, which took place on September 6, 1966, began as a neighborhood demonstration against police brutality in the shooting of a suspected African American car thief. Tensions escalated after policemen arrested SNCC staffers for refusing to turn off a loudspeaker brought in for residents to voice their personal observations of the shooting. Angered by these arrests, the crowd reacted by throwing bottles and rocks at police. As the situation deteriorated, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. made attempts to appease demonstrators by climbing on top of a police car to address their demands, but he was heckled by the crowd and knocked off of the vehicle. SNCC headquarters were subsequently raided by Atlanta police, and SNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael was convicted of inciting to riot and disorderly conduct. SNCC rejected the claims against Carmichael, and asserted that the rioting was caused instead by the failure of the mayor and other city officials to address longstanding complaints about substandard housing and municipal services. Although the charges against Carmichael were ultimately overturned on appeal, Atlanta's white establishment held SNCC responsible for the violence at Summerhill, and moderate African American civil rights leaders distanced themselves from the organization. In response to the Summerhill riots, Mayor Allen and other politicians established the biracial Community Relations Commission in November of 1966 for residents of Atlanta's African American neighborhoods to communicate grievances with City Hall.&#13;
&#13;
Title supplied by cataloger.&#13;
&#13;
The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.</text>
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&#13;
The clip begins with Mr. Thornwell speaking to a reporter about the public accommodations portion of the proposed civil rights legislation under congressional consideration. Thornwell believes that public accommodations laws are "aimed at destroying and undermining private property rights" and asserts "the majority of the citizens have rights which should not be taken away at the expense of any minority." The reporter appears to test the microphone before asking Thornwell to comment on Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen's testimony about the civil rights legislation to the Senate Commerce Committee on July 26,1963. Thornwell condemns Allen's testimony as "a turn-coat performance" to court political advantage with president John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert F. Kennedy. He claims that the passage of the public accommodations law will hamper the current racial harmony, which was achieved through the efforts of leaders of both races. He further suggests that Allen's political future in Georgia may be limited and that Allen hopes president Kennedy will appoint him to a federal position. Thornwell anticipates Allen's political efforts with the Kennedys will fail because Georgia will vote for a Republican candidate in the 1964 presidential elections. Asked to evaluate Allen's chance for reelection after supporting the federal civil rights legislation Thornwell replies that "reasonable, responsible citizens of this community will recognize his wishy-washy position" on race as well as on other issues and will not reelect Allen in the 1965 mayoral election. Thornwell begins to outline the position of the Fulton County Young Republicans on the federal civil rights proposals by saying that Republicans are not segregationists: he further states that the proposed legislation was born out of demonstrations that the Kennedy brothers encouraged. Later Thornwell pledges that if Arizona senator Barry M. Goldwater is nominated as the Republican presidential candidate, "the Young Republicans will put thousands of people ringing doorbells and in the streets to back his presidential prospects." The clip ends with the off-screen reporter speaking to the cameramen and thanking Thornwell for his comments.&#13;
&#13;
President John F. Kennedy promised civil rights legislation in a June 11, 1963 address following the peaceful integration of the University of Alabama campus. Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen was the only southern mayor to support the legislation in congressional hearings. However, Congress delayed the legislation until after the assassination of president Kennedy when it was taken up again at the encouragement of president Lyndon B. Johnson. The legislation passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and did include a public accommodations section which required businesses serving interstate travelers to serve customers regardless of race, leading to court cases with the Heart of Atlanta Motel and the Pickrick Restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia.&#13;
&#13;
Title supplied by cataloger.&#13;
&#13;
The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.</text>
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                <text>In this WSB newsfilm clip, probably from September 7, 1966, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen comments on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)'s role in exacerbating civil unrest during an outdoor demonstration. The audio quality of this clip is poor.&#13;
&#13;
As Allen begins to speak into a table microphone at a press conference, a reporter inserts a hand-held microphone directly in front of his face. Allen says "No, I'm not placing the blame directly on SNCC, I'm saying that they were there in full force and they agitated the situation that existed there. Blame goes back maybe a couple of hundred years, I don't know that . . . but the SNCC organization obviously was there, I'm informed, and that they precipitated by the use of a sound truck and other known methods of inciting people the incident that happened there yesterday." Allen is presumably speaking of rioting that erupted in Atlanta's Summerhill neighborhood on September 6, 1966.&#13;
&#13;
Atlanta's Summerhill riots began as a rally to demonstrate against police brutality in the shooting of a suspected African American car thief, but the unrest also represented a deep dissatisfaction with the city's failure to address ongoing inequities in housing and municipal services for residents of the Summerhill neighborhood. A loudspeaker had been brought to the rally by SNCC staff so that neighborhood residents could voice their personal observations of the shooting; police arrested SNCC staffers when they refused to turn it off. Angered by these arrests, the crowd reacted by throwing bottles and rocks at police. Mayor Allen attempted to speak to demonstrators from the top of a police car, but he was heckled by the crowd and knocked off of the vehicle. White city officials blamed SNCC leaders, especially SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael, for inciting the Summerhill crowd to riot; these claims were rejected by SNCC, who instead claimed that it was the negligence of the mayor and other city officials to respond to earlier complaints that caused the riot. Carmichael was arrested in a police raid of SNCC headquarters, and convicted of inciting to riot and disorderly conduct; the charges were overturned on appeal. As fear of further rioting grew, Mayor Allen and other city politicians sought to establish better communication between the residents of African American neighborhoods and city hall, and ultimately developed the biracial Community Relations Commission in November of 1966 to address grievances in African American communities.&#13;
&#13;
Title supplied by cataloger.&#13;
&#13;
The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.</text>
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The clip begins with Allen speaking at a press conference, where he projects the city's future use of state or federal aid awarded for the implementation of recommendations established by the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. He emphasizes that the city will "do everything that we possibly can to assure that there will be complete law and order in this city during this coming summer as well as subsequent years." A reporter comments "There are a lot of poor white people in America, and the report, of course dealt with Negro rioting." He then asks "Do you think there is a danger of the poor whites being forgotten in our concern for the Negro?" Allen responds that he thinks that although the report focuses on rioting in African American neighborhoods, it also recognizes the problem of poverty in America as a whole. He then defines what he considers to be the differences between white and African American poverty. "Of course the difference between white poverty and Negro poverty is white poverty has always had the opportunity to move out of the area of poverty, whereas by segregation and discrimination the Negro in the past has been confined legally, by laws almost, into the area of poverty. There was the difference between having hope and opportunity, and having hope and opportunity denied by law." Allen then acknowledges that poverty must be addressed as it affects both whites and African Americans.&#13;
&#13;
On February 29, 1968, the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, also known as the Kerner Commission (after the commission's chairman, Illinois governor Otto Kerner), released a report based upon its seven-month investigation of racial disturbances that took place in one hundred sixty-four American cities between 1964 and 1967. The commission, convened by President Lyndon Johnson, was asked to determine the cause of previous riots and propose solutions. Many whites believed that the rioting was caused by an organized African American political conspiracy. The commission contradicted this notion, and instead implicated white racism in the foundation and perpetuation of an intolerable environment for African Americans living in the city, therefore precipitating riot conditions. Federal and local housing, education and social service initiatives and officials were rebuked for failing to effectively address the needs of the African American urban poor. The commission also criticized law enforcement for handling disturbances in African American neighborhoods inappropriately, and denounced the news media for its racial bias and insufficient analysis of the origins of civil disturbances and race relations. In the most famous line of the report, the commission warned "our nation is moving toward two societies: one black, one white--separate and unequal." The Kerner commission recommended a substantial commitment of resources to prevent further social polarization. Members proposed a restructuring of federal welfare, increased federal subsidization of jobs and job training, and funding for new housing programs designed to eliminate residential segregation. Mayor Allen, along with mayors from other major American cities that sustained rioting in previous years, upheld the report's conclusions. President Johnson, however, dismissed the commission's recommendations; he considered them to be both too radical and financially unrealistic.&#13;
&#13;
DigiBeta preservation master.&#13;
&#13;
Title supplied by cataloger.&#13;
&#13;
The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.</text>
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