5 20 10383 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/c5808f13b1b25e0d4a1a469c74582a64.pdf d00a7e1c43977e1910daeb1fe1d4c991 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. ATLANTA, GEORGIA PHONE 522- 4463 7 FORM 25-6 � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document ATLANTA, GEORGIA PHONE 522- 4463 From Mes. yam A Moses FORM 25-6  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 17, Document 3 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 17 Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/0eec317266d6bc2b897cc0ddacc36547.pdf 88af84c4f55ef47a1e62d0310f9002fe Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. -LW ~ ATlMffA GA JIM 20 19$7 MR~ MIii 11!0~~ -exte·-~en r- kX F JT TOUR TELECP..#>\ Jute l"O MAYOR idt,LEk ATLA ?.Q TO Rt CHARD C LE.NE THE Wt TE ~~ VA"'-"fUft;TOH DC I~ U~l.tV.:REl). Wt; t-f~E BEEN UNABt! N LOCAT"E flO'!)RI!.~~ COUL1'.t YOU Ary\ff~ ~AT nEJtAR™EtfT. t~ WiTH. WE!fT'EfflJl UlH 'Jet JA. l ~100 EXT 266 .......::··...c., <" . - () ' / . ._,.;;r 1270 ( 1·5 1 ) --:..~ ~ .J'/' ;.,"' :....,.._.., , •. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 17, Document 2 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 17 Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/367f1fb41504bf3a93b67e6548f45443.pdf a5001949f3280bf53d070a60ed4d3857 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. , 1fr liSiP £ST WESTERN U NION. M>V 23 e56 lJES2TtJ DE W.A034 lMff' GOVT PD TRE WRITE 1DUSE VASHIMGTON DC 23 Nn sma, J>ONT DD ATllc NEW YORK UMABlt.lTATtOM TOUi SET FOR SUMDAl', U/2T/.S. MElT AT fflffE t>1 NI$• CAIOL HA t:fSD\\Jit ,IQ CDrrRA L PARE i · SOUl'H, PRO PIPTL.Y AT f.lOO '·"· Kl:Ef IHG ON NOffftBD as, VlU. • IN WASlJI~TON AT lOtOO .t.K.,. IDOM ~f.l, EIECUTl9.E OJ'rJCE BIJILJ>JNC:. SECRETARY mvn TO l'ID:T 1JITH GIO'UP !l>NDAY EYllUN~, , TO «ioo p.,. MON U'AN AWN, d~EA~ 1 270 ( 1-5 1 ) /if~ � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 17, Document 1 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 17 Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/408b2ed75fb6197cdd45a740e2c2b107.pdf 24c48797164bb242f1fd3fbe07b16a0a Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. , 1fr liSiP £ST WESTERN U NION. M>V 23 e56 lJES2TtJ DE W.A034 lMff' GOVT PD TRE WRITE 1DUSE VASHIMGTON DC 23 Nn sma, J>ONT DD ATllc NEW YORK UMABlt.lTATtOM TOUi SET FOR SUMDAl', U/2T/.S. MElT AT fflffE t>1 NI$• CAIOL HA t:fSD\\Jit ,IQ CDrrRA L PARE i · SOUl'H, PRO PIPTL.Y AT f.lOO '·"· Kl:Ef IHG ON NOffftBD as, VlU. • IN WASlJI~TON AT lOtOO .t.K.,. IDOM ~f.l, EIECUTl9.E OJ'rJCE BIJILJ>JNC:. SECRETARY mvn TO l'ID:T 1JITH GIO'UP !l>NDAY EYllUN~, , TO «ioo p.,. MON U'AN AWN, d~EA~ 1 270 ( 1-5 1 ) /if~ �-LW ~ ATlMffA GA JIM 20 19$7 MR~ MIii 11!0~~ -exte·-~en r- kX F JT TOUR TELECP..#>\ Jute l"O MAYOR idt,LEk ATLA ?.Q TO Rt CHARD C LE.NE THE Wt TE ~~ VA"'-"fUft;TOH DC I~ U~l.tV.:REl). Wt; t-f~E BEEN UNABt! N LOCAT"E flO'!)RI!.~~ COUL1'.t YOU Ary\ff~ ~AT nEJtAR™EtfT. t~ WiTH. WE!fT'EfflJl UlH 'Jet JA. l ~100 EXT 266 .......::··...c., <" . - () ' / . ._,.;;r 1270 ( 1·5 1 ) --:..~ ~ .J'/' ;.,"' :....,.._.., , •. �ATLANTA, GEORGIA PHONE 522- 4463 7 FORM 25-6 �Some addition8l inf ormation on t he Ribicoff Hearings From the Desk of ArDee Ames l ,, ·-·· ... - --- - - -·.·· ,_. - - . . . .,.. - - · -··---- .. �From the Desk of ArDee Ames �From i::he Desk of ArDee Ames Some additional clippings on the Rib icoff He arings. �From the Desk of Ardee Ames �- SENDING CALL LETTERS FJT 11/16/ 66 CHARGE rn UNION BLANK Mayo r I s Office , 20 6 City Hall ' Mr. Ardee Ames The White House Washington, D . C . MAYOR IVAN ALLEN, JR . WILL ATTEND THE TASK FORCE MEETING ON NOVEMBER 19th .AT 9:30 A . M. Mrs. Ann Moses E x ecutive Secretary Send the above messa ge, subiecl lo the terms on back hereof, which are hereby agreed to PL EASE TYPE OR WRITE PLAINLY W tT HIN BORDER-DO NOT FO LD 1269- (R 4-55) �I L:. MESSAGE T KE BY THIS COMPA IV A ES ECT T T .E FOLLO GT MS: CLASSES OF SEP.VICE DOMESTIC SERVICES INTERNAT!ONAL SERVICES f'ULL RAT£ (FR) TCLCGRAM Tb •,. t :. J.Jm tic 1tn·1:-e. Th r I t o, f'na rr< C"·I tu Htoro.w, lcttt- iv r; t & r lowlJlfii: morn1n,. tr, le '.\1 r tie t .,,_ 'P."Ti:t o In c:O..!e, c!phrr. or In :tD)' ltma'UACO es, �WESTERN 1'5P EST NOY 15 66 1F171· OEA,'4 OE WA069 QOYT FD WUX THE WHITE MOUSE TfASHitGTON OC 1,- Pf'T HON~BLE IVAH ALLEN,. DOMT DVR IUYM ~ - A'ft.ANTA GA ATLA ,/ / I TM£ S.EC<WO rtt£T1~ OF TKC TASK F"ORC£ YIU. BE HEt.O ON NO'tfEMBER 19.19"-IN JlOON "44, UEauTIV£ CFF'_IC£S Wn.Dlflll• 1Tl"J~ &: PENNSYL¥A~IA AYE• 8£Ql'NftINQ AT 91,0 AeKe / MO££ AIits l411f .. -; ~:'al- • -· - · - /. �u p ropc TELEGRAM R. W . Mc FA LL PRESIDENT 14 lP EST DEC 12 66 AF1~7 SYB280 SY WA270 GOVT PD WUX THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON DC 12 1153A EST HON IVAN ALLEN, MAYOR, DONT DWR ATLA MEETING ON DECEMBER 15, WILL BE IN WASHINGTON AT 10100 A.M., ROOM 4.44, EXECUTivt OFFIC[ BUILDING ARDEE AMES (56) SF120l(R2-65) �19 0 .::0 0 c:, ~ - -· __, ' l> I\) $ -f "'O s: C) "3 z .... 0 c- 8 14 4 ) �C. Memorandum TO : Date: November 17, 1966 Paul :1. 'lvisaker Proj ect/No. : Q\ · Ezr - · re ·rant z Subject: Area of emphasis f or _1\fhi t e House Task Force on the Ci t y In tryi ng to \ r ite a l et t er in response to your reques t at t he fi r s t tas k f or ce meeting , I - ve 'ecome i mpress ed by t hee tent t o whic the maj ority of the problems tat ,e tal · about today have be r evi wed over and over again in t he past. On mos t of thes e I am r elatively inexperienced , and rathe_ t han t r ying t o s et out a gra .d f rar.iewoT. on al l oft e proble. s that we shou l d t ry t o deal with , I would like to co c nt te o. o, pa ti cul ar area whi ch I feel very str ongly about . T·.e Federal GoverTu~ent spons o: s a great deal of research i n city pr oblems , s ome of it a cade~ic, and the bul · of it practical . Neither benef its substanti al ly from t he other . ~- eor i cal study o= t he city conc e. t ates various l y on urban growth and f or m, soci al ecology, or the plani ng process, , aking litt l e cont r i bution to t he unders t andi ng of action pol i c ies . Proj ects are deve l oped on an ad hoc basis to meet a comproise a~o .g the exp essed eeds of t hei mor e voca l constituent s ; the out come i s fre uently wide of t he first objective and t here i s seldom any attempt to show how it got t .ere . Te z a Le o co tro led experim nt s i n t he f ield and l ittle cumulat i on of evide ce . 4 Performance in both the academic and pr actical area s of urban s t udies could be improved by p::-ov::.ding a bridge bet ween the t wo ki nds of work . I sugges t that a portion--pos ibly 2%- 5%- - of eve_y Feder al progra directly or remot ely aff ect ing t he city be cornm~tted for exp rimental work , and that thes e experi ment s be conducted under t. e diTect·on of an interl ocking body whi ch wou l d repres ent and s erve all the affett ed Federal agenc ies, State and local ofx icials where appr opriate and repre sent atives of industry , labor and the academi c communi t y . In addition to performing ( 1) res arch and (2) experi ent al projects, thi s body could: · (3) pTovide policy coordination between agencies, (4) serve s a c learing hous e f or information on regu lar and exp erimental programs of the linki ng agencies, and for consulting services i n r esearch and planning , (5) direct cont act research fo r other publ ic and non-prof it bodies . By: 120 Broadway San Franc isco, Ca li fo rnia 94111 Phone 415 434 3830 �Page two These _pe::i .1 e .ta l progrc:.1s Nould :. eviell the effect of possible changes in codes, ~ or practices , ma:ket organizat i o and many other aspects of our work in c.:.ties Khich affect cost and erJ..or-1ance of our physica l structures . We would equa _ly be co .cer .ed with t he relation or people t o one another , t· ,e i .troduct·on of social s ervices, and the development of nei ghborhoods . By structu ing the -- eri : ental prog·ams, i t should be poss ible to develop a data base which wou d enable future decis.:.ons to be made on major programs for the city on bctte .:.. fo _ ation t han we ave today . Givei. sue a means of coordina·~ion, Federally sponsored urban studies could be st uctured .:.n a planned, cu ulative s equence, co. tribute reliable experimental evide ce, ru~ p~ovide a sound bridge between a cademic and practical sttidy in the fie d . I hope that a1. .ot stressing a point of view on a single subject too strongly fo _ t .e first go- r ou d . Ezra Ehre ·rantz �.., EVtE ~VDl\Y U1 tEll}J:r' ,;~c; tr/~r; ,,, · life is a relentless. search for it." In analyzing this coexistence of the p a thological and the healthy, Lewis gives considerable precision to a term th.at he originated: the "culture of poverty." And he provides some im· ~:; JeH::HAEL HARRINGTON portant · theoretical insights of con~ VIDA" is unquestiona bly one siderable relevance to some of the . of the most important books political debates going on in America published in the United States today. this year. It is a shat tering account E ssentially w hat Lewis does is to of three g ene rations of the Rios famincorporate two of the m<?st popular ily in the slum!? of San Juan and the oversimplifications about the poor Puerto Rican enclaves of New York. into a complex idea. On the one hand, M:uch of it is told in the tape-recoro.ed. there is the belief that the impoverwords of the s ubjects themselves. The ished h a ve been sp ared the corrupbook is iin large p a rt, as Oscar Le,,is tions of a fflu ence and are ther efore says, "a picture of family disruption, a potential source of social r egeneraviolence, brutality; cheapness of life, tion. The e..-xtreme version of this lack of love, l a ck of education, la ck thesis is the idealization by Frantz of m edical facili-ties--in short, a picF anon (a uth.or of "The Wretched of ture of incredible d eprivation the efthe E a rth") of the "people of the f ects of w hich cannot be wip ed out s hanty t owns" as the creative and in a s ingle gen eration. This Zolaesque revolution ary force of the secon d h a lf r eal1ty emerges from a Puerto R ica n of t11c century. In America n terms, society i n w hich -the is la nd average tl1e B lack Power ideologis ts are makir.come per person -r ose from $120 to ing a similar claim for the victimized i1-<1 0 betv,een 1940 and 1963. inhabitan ts of the N egro g h etto. And The casual, m a tter- of-fa.ct des cripon the other h and, there is the view tions of s oc ial h ell itha t -abound in that p overty h olds only. rlegrada tion. "La Vida" arc sometimes s o appalling T h e compassiona te p artisans of this tha t t he m iddle-class r eader ·is in view believe that they must h elp t he d a nger of be ing overwhelm ed. How, passive and defeated poor who ca nexactly, does h e assimilate t o his exnot h elp themselves, while the reacp erience the r eminiscence of a cript ionaries believe t hat the slum d wellpled child who tells of h aving played ers " got tha t way" because they the " game" of pros titution ? But ,then wanted to a nd lacked Goldwaterit e three of the m a j or chara cters in this virtu es of thrift and ent erprise. book actually worked at the profesLewis's definition of the cul t u re of sion for a period, and one mother poverty r eveals t he h alf-truths and ent ertains h er children by singing- la rge falsehoods behind these contra"dirty" songs. 1\.fo~ conventionally, dictory myths. Those w ho dwell in yet still not quite what the middlet his subculture d o not "belong·• to class reader is u sed t o, t he five cen t ral any of the institutions of the larger figures of "La Vida" have a lready h a d socie ty. U n employment and unde ra t otal of 20 m a rriages (17 of t h em employment make t hem mar ginal in consensual unions, 3 of them legal) t he la bor marke t ; they d o not j oin and they are clearly not done y et. political parties ; t hey spend rather Nevertheless, in a probing introducthan save, and pay more for inferior tion Lewis a r gues tha t ther e are in m erchandise s ince they do not have t h ese lower depths certain strengths. access to cheap credit a nd don't shop There is a fortitude and res ilience in in supermarkets ; am~ so on . N ow the Rios family, and its members a re there are, and have been, ·poor people capable of great kindness despite the who did "belong." There are prin1brutality of their circumstan ces. itive and utterly impoverished tribes "Money and m a terial possessions," he w hich nevertheless possess an intewrites , "although important, do not grated and self-sufficient culture. And motivate their major dccL<;ions. Their various American immigrant groups, deepes t need is for love, and their mos t notably the Eastern Europe.an J ews, came to tl1is country with inMR. HARRINGTON is the author of "The tact t raditions that protected them Other America" and "The Accid ental from the extreme social and spiritual consequences of being poor. c~ntury." LA VIDk A Puerto Ri~ n Family in the Culb.trc of Poverty-San Juan and New Yorl By O scar Lewis. 669 PP· New Yori: Random House. $10. , LA r ! r L L �EVERDAY HELL - NEW YORK TIMES - 11-20-66 Myrdal was thinking along these lines when he said that the underclass of the affluent society ls a "non-revolutionary proletariat"), and it v.ill disappoint all the romantic expectations from Fanon to Black Power and back. And yet, as Lewis emphasizes, the very absence of regular institutions v.ithln the culture of poverty forces the people to crea te their own associations and values, in order to survive. The (Continu ed on Page 92) Thus, Lewis's culture of poverty a. very specific and unique phe• nomenon. It occurs in societies in is 2. which the cash economy and rapid change subvert the old ways and a· group is left behind without either money or even a hungry solida1ity. People .inhabiting the culture of poverty. then, are "out of it," and their life is the experience of a disintegration. This is the profoundly egative side of being poor (Gunnar r I l •:!l . L__ . ' __ _.:, ·o .:. ·:' --- - - -.- ' _:,· --";r-:...... .:··-::~ ::, - . ,• i_. • ... . . •• • t / -.;. ~ '1 ! r L-~--, r_. ,, · 1\ i L,,_...._._..., -'----'.....,__,__ ·- -:, . r _;; ... ~:-_~.:..: .. __;; r--..... . l t · . • • ,_·_ ,'_ 1 C ~ �.EVERDAY HELL - NEW YORK TIMES - 11-20-66 .. 3. ..; Kenneth Clark has described: greater than his estimate; I would not refer to the bureauproblem Is, the middle-class the police succeeded in break- cratic, collectivist system of visitor from the l\Iars of the ing up the violent gangs, that Communism as "socialism"; I do larger society will often not moment was the start of the not think that there is a "sorecognize this social ingenuity, narcotics plague. The comfortcial-work solution" to poverty even ·when he comes face to able white could not underin America a ny more than irr face with it. stand that the gangs were a the Third ·world. But I have For example, the marriage social invention as well as a concentrated on my agreements patterns - or more precisely, police problem. Their destruc- with Lewis (which fa r outthe endless succession of con- tion created a ',vacuum that was weigh the disagreements an:;,w ay) because I think "La sensual unions - in the tRios partly filled by heroin. In any case, Lewis is quite Vida" . is one more brilliant family will strike most rea ' e rs , right to understand the culture demonstration of the validity as cllaotic. Yet the m en, wit hof poverty as a dialectic of and profundity of the m ethod out jobs, income or property to pass on to their offspring, see strength and weakness in which L ewis has pioneer ed: the m eno point in getting involved in the desperate need to survive ticulous des cription, and t apesimultaneously brutalizes and recorded self-depiction, of the legal entanglements. And the women fear being tied to men provokes a certain dignity into daily life of a single yet archetypical family of the poor. who are often immature a nd un- life. If these people a r e· not a And finally, for all of the reliable-a nd by r efusing to give fount of revolutionary purity, Ule f a thers of their children the neither a r e they an inert m ass grea t interest of Lew is 's introduction, the emotional force of legal status of h u..s'bands, ·they . to be m apipula ted, "s ocial-engin eered" or nights ticked for "La Vida " comes, of course. m a intain a s tronger cla'im on their own good. For when po- from the Rios f amily itself. the child ren if the col!ple sepa- litical and social hope pen e- The poor, I ha ve long f elt, rates. From the p oint of view of tra tes down into the culture needed a novelis t m ore than the slwn there is a very real of poverty, as h appened with a statistician-and Lewis has logic h er e; it is barely appa rent, the Southern Negro dur ing the p roved once a gain tha t p erhaps thnn'!h t o the 'OU ts rl~r w ho h :>..s last decade, the la tent nobility they are the ir own best novelists. The Rios f amily m akes n ever h ad to cope wi th the k inds surfaces, a nd, if it cannot of ,p roblems which confront the transform m odern society, it . the dialectical concep t of the Rios fam ily every day. still m akes a disproportiona te culture of p over ty unbea ra bly It is f rom t h is va n tage p oint . contribu tion to social chan ge real; the world which they describe is intolerable and their tha t Lewis can s ee the neigh- and the common goood. r eminiscences should m ove a borhood gang as a "considerI h ave, to be sure, some quesable advance" over t he m on! tions and r eserva tions about s tone to t ear s. Yet U:!ey have n ot been overwhelm ed; they r av.aging d espairs a n d anomie aspects of Lewis's discussion . I tha t can be found in the cul- think t hat the number of Amer- h a ve a capa cit y t o a ct on t heir t ure of poverty. One r emembers icans who live in the culture own behalf that demands libof p overty, and are poor, is eration, not n obles se oblige. the fea r\ul case in point that (Continued from Page 1) in Harlem in the 1950's when I IL r \ �THE WALL STREET JOURt'l\JAL - NOVEMBER 18, 1966 GOP on the Offense P\,evived Party Seeking ~1ore Positive In1age \;\Tith. 'NeYV Fecieralisn1' l\1ore Local, State Activity With Federal I-Ielp Is Goal; Beating LBJ to the Punch? But Unity l\Jay Shatter by '68 By JOSEPH W. B t a,ff R ep orter of S ULLirA N T H E "\\' ALT, STREET Jot:RN.\L WASHINGTON - Congressional R epu blica ns are b eginni ng to fl ex thei r n,ew p ostelection muscles. And like th e ex-weakling in the tra ditional beach scene, they're getting a n exhila r a ting f eeling tha t they can outfight the "big bully' ' - in t his case L yndon J ohnson. This n ew optimism is not based on prospects for r a mming through s pecifi c GOP-sponsor ed · legisla ti on in a Congress s till dominated by the D e m ocr a ts . R ather, t he R epublicam p la n to seize the lniti a live in polit ical thinking fr om their foes and bui ld a posit ive image for themselves. At bottom, there's a sense tl1at momentum : fro m last week's big elec.tion gains m ay en- , able the GOP to break loos e from its long defensive s tance in Congress. By qui ckly advancing a n ew political motif of their own, R epublican lea de rs, especia ll y in the House , hope to shift th e public focus away from the standard _ meas ure of th e past generation: Na m ely , h ow li beral or cons ervative is the GOP 's stand on Democra tic we lfare prog rams . With the l!l68 Presidential election in mind, moreov er , th ese Republic;m strategis ts t hink t hey ' ve hi t. on a theme th a t ca n uni te p arty liber a ls such as New York's Sen. J acob J a vits , midd le-roaders such as Gov, Geo rge Romney of · Michigan and conserva ti ves such as iroYernor-elect Rona ld R eagan of California, Goldwa te r Goa ls , Re,·ers3 neasons In capsule form, th e e m e rging strategy consis ts of pursuing m a ny of U1e goa ls Ba rry Goldwa ter ad,·oca ted in his 1961 Presidentia l bid but r evers ir.g th e reasons for doing so. T he objec t w ill still b e a mu ch bigge r rol e for stale and local goYernm ent and private enterp rise in comba ting the country's. ills . But Instead of invoking th e need "to pres eHe the tried and t rue rnlutions of the p a st," the stre~s will be on " mod ernizing ' ' and " energ izing" gove rnm enta l s tructure:, to cope with the rohle m s of th e future. And ins lPad of leaving a n Impression tha t they WOllld disman tl e pa rts of th e F ede ra l Go,·ernment, the GOP s lrate-_ giE<ts in Cong r ess intend to project a vita l role for Washi n;;ton-i n pumping ba ck ils re,· enu e., t o _the sb, te,, in prnmo li ng interslatP com pact,:; to d e~ ! with r egio.nal problfm s a nd In fos tering " Com ~~ t-s tyJ,, ' corporations to enlis t p r ivate· ente rpr ise in the wa r on poverty. . "We a im to turn . t he political frame of referenc e in this country upside down, " dec l':1.res one of' the mos t act i\'e of th e youthful H ouse GOP " acti vi:;ts" who helped inst;;J l Rep. G erald F ord of j\Iichigan as House ::IIinori ty L ea der two years ago. "CrNling n ew techn iq ue:; a nd p roviding ne w r esources for . local ities to take t he governmental lead is goi ng to b e th e progressive course, and r eliance on an eve r-growing F ederal bur eaucracy \\ill b e the hid e bound, r eactionary approach." SeYeral Possiblo ::'IIoves To exploit th e election's stimulus, House GOP lead ers hope to m ove r a pidly on several front3: As the corner, tnn~ n( (l,Pi r ,jnme.,.ll2-..E!o· ram, thev' r e toil in~ t0 prepare a blueprint for a Ju mp-sum. nn -strin"~·~tt:Jche <i1stribut ion of Fprlpp[ re,·P n11Li,Q_ thP ~t~tes. After years of tal king 1,·islfully about such a sche m e (along " ormer J ohnson economic a dvi s er Walte1 H eller ) they fin ally h ave in h and a detail ed drait that was p repared on com m; ssion by a B rooking3 Imtitulion schola r, Rir'.h· ·arct Na tha n. This plan would p;.imp out t o the states a s pec ifi ed p ercenla ge of Federal income ta x collections-perhaps 2',c. or 3% initia ll y. T he distiioution for mula would b e weighted to favor poorer· st:iles, pro,·ide bonu:; money fo r state:; m a king the greatest reYe nu e-rais ing effor t of th eir own , and earmar k 5% of t he · I fu nds for adm inistrative u ses to "i mproYe the l eadership a nd o,·e rall policy form ula tion rol e of slate go,·ernment. " - As a way to get a n opi_nion-holding jump on the D emocr a ts , there 's ta lk of p r esentin;,; a R e publican ' !State of the Union" message fn a dvance or i\[r . J ohn:son 's. Last· J anua ry Mr. Fo rd and St'na te llrinority L ead.er Everett D irksen or Ill inois man aged t o g et a h a lfnou r of na tional television t ime to r espond to t he P r esid ent' s annual discourse. But several top strategists now b elieve t he party's n ew , offensive postur e would best be drama tized by going first. There's a lso strong , surprisingly widespread se ntim ent in these Cong res sional c ircles fo r sharing the la Iking-ti me with one of the GOP 's progre.ssiYe go,·ernors, p er haps J ohn Love of Colorado or Dani el Eva ns nf Washingto n, 11 s a 1-ym bol of a part y comm itm en t to greater state-level \'ita lity. As a devic e to make th eir n ew th em e stick in t he public mind, party hands are g roping for a ca t chy s loga n. In a ta lk yesterd a y to t he Nationa l Confrrcnce of Sta te Legislative Lea ders h ere, the Hous e GOP's No. 2 m a n, ?l[elvi n L aird of Wisconsin, m a d e a tentative mo1·e to preempt one of ::,.rr. J ohnson's 0\\11 concoctions : "Crea tiv e federa lis m." I n urging the sta t e legislators to p romote " a clim a te in America t hat enh ance:, and encour ages creat i1·ity and s olution-finding a t the sta te and l ocal le,·el," h e procla imed th a t "history can yet r ecord t hat th e d ecade of the 1960s was th e period in which Am ericans r ededicated th emselves to t he attainment of n ew heig hts . . . -t hroug h a creative federalism that kept in step with mod ern t imes." )Ir. Joh nson' s \ Yea pons 1 How m uch hea dway the GOP ca n m a l-:e under a ny s logan r em a ins to be dete rm ined. D espite D em ocra tic Cong r essiona l los~e.•, possession of the " 'hile Hou ·e still gi1·es Presid ent J ohnson abundant resources for blunting the GOP th rus t. He could s et a sombe r, wa rti me tone for the coming Cong r essiona l session a nd ri dicule any GOP re,· enue-~haping plan a s the he ight ·- -of fis ca l foll y a t a ti me of o,·erriding n eerl . to finance Vietnam fi ght ing and to fi gh t infla- ! [ �THE WALL STREET JOURNAL - NOVEMBER 18, 1966 GOP 011 the·Offense: Party H opes -'New_F.ederalism' _Will Help .Image· Conti1med From Pa.ge, 01111 lion- at home. Or he might str ive. to persuade the· electorate tha t he's better at "creative federalism" tha n the GOP, by pointing to such steps as a grant of broad latitud_e_ to the states In · use of Federal public h ealth funds and efforts fo tailor the n ew "model cities" slumrebuilding program to each locality's special needs. Or ll<fr . . Johnson could .deride the Repubffca.n . offensive·_ as warmed-over G·o ldwaterism, impradical for dealing v,ith today's complex urban problems. · · Within Congress, moreover, Democrats still hold the seats of power; · by ·pushing bllls to provide fund s for Great Society programs which the GOP opposes, D emocratic leaders could make the Republicans once a gain look 1lke ' '.aglnners." · Nor is there any certainty that GOP forces wlll get or s tick together on the course now projected. While 1\-Iichigan's Gov. R omney Is currently jus t as bent as Congressional pa rty leaders on enlarging the sphere of state and local government, h e could well d ecide n ext s pring that Immedi ate n eeds, say, !or F ederal s chool construction funds outweigh any dis tant commitment .to an alterna te, tax-reba te pla n tha t can't be implemented until the GOP 1·egains control of Cong ress. Jockeying for the GOP Presidential ·nomina tion . also could precipitate a. party spilt. Romney m en akeady 1mspect Messrs. Ford and 0 Laird of private colla boration with form er Vice President Richard Nixon, and at some point this could provoke a Romney denunciation · of their )egislative course. Within Cong r ess, ·too·, the GOP's old -liberal vs. conse rva tive animosities could boil up at any point. · For now, though, the Congression_a l GOP appears more n ea rly united on a course of action than at any· point in r ecent · years. 'When I ca me back to ·washing-ton after · the election, I was fully res igned to hea r the conservatives ta lking up th e r eturns as a mandate for· putting a )egisla tive blockade on everything," relates one self-styled House . GOP moder ate. "To my delight, though, many of them were just as r evved-up a s I am to launch a .P,rogram ol our own... ' " .,. - '. . Commlltees nnd Cohesion Organiza tiona l and s ta U build-ups la unched two years ago have played a big part in fostering ,this cohesion. In the House , a GOP planning and research committee has r eached consensus on numerous ppsit!on papers, _m any ol them developed with academic help. In addition, the new R epublica n Co-ordina ting Committee h as brought toge ther Congressional leaders , fiv e G.OP governors, the party's form e1; Presidentia l nominees and National Cha irm an R a y Bliss for numeroi.1s s kull S(?sslons a nd p os ition-charting. "After t wo years of sitting n ext to George R omney at the Co-ordina ting Committee m eetings, we find ourselves agr eeing on practically everything tha t comes up," r em a rks R ep. John Rhodes ol Arizona, cha irma n of the House R epublican P olicy Committee , who's generally considered a n ardent Goldwater conser.va tlve. · Moreover ,. the p ar ty's cap ture of 47 more 1 House s eats solidifies th o position ol Hous e I GOP Leader Ford and gives him more !ree_dom for t aking the Initia tive ; incoming fresh· · m en lawmakers, by all ·Initial s oundings of ' Ford m en, ·are mostly quite r eady to follow · the leader who h as helped to brighten the party's face. "If we'd only picked u p 20 sea ts or so , J erry Ford would be looking over his shoulder every tim e h e m ade a move, but now he's in position to get together with Ev Dirksen on a Sta te-of-the-Union plan, say, and then sail _right ahead with it," calculates ·one senior House R epublica n who opposed :Mr. Ford's leadership bid two years ago. The " Gener a tional Gap" In the Senate, th e arrival of such engaging fac es and articulate voices as those ol TIil· nois' Charles P ercy, Oregon's 2\rark Hatiield and Massa chusetts' Edward Brooke m a y be worth more tha n all the organizational and t actical Innovations combined. " Most o! the \ thlngs, we're ta lkit)g about are aimed in es- 2. sence 1tt meeting the so-called ge1:era ti or.al gap. And I , for one, think the big bloc of younger, unaligned vote rs ls _g oing to Identify just as much ,~ith a Percy or a. Hatfi eld as : a Bobby Kennedy," · asserts one seasoned r House hand. 1 ·when it cori1es to legisla tion lnu;ediately : at ha nd, the GOP probably ,~ill go strong for ;, curtailing F ederal spending to deter Inflation. · Ma ny pa r ty liberals, as wen · as conse rvatives, hit hard on ·tnis theme during their · ca mpaigns. There should be general agreem ent ·o n curbing such "lower-priority" programs ·a s r ent subsidies, the national teacher corp3 and highway beautification as ,veil' as ·resis ti11g any major expans ion o( school or antipoverty aid. 1 "I'm ecnfident I ca n Identify S5 billion or so to ·cut 1:iy breakfas t-time the. morning a fter Johnson's budget comes up," s ays a s enior m ember of the House Appropriations C<;>mmittee. · · -/ Aside from such bipartisa n un derlakings as raising Social Security benefits or overhaulin;; the cli-aft, GOP lawmakers don' t see much imm ediate chance of actually framing i-najor legis1acion. As various Grea t Society programs come up for extens ion, though, there's _hope for us ing the pa rty's added voting power to . give s tates and localities a bigger rol e. In the c·a se of F ede.r al s chool aid , which comes u·p for r ene,,:al In · 1968, current thinkin;_;- is lo press for · giving coi-n mun lties much more leeway to s et iheir owa priorities. As for r c\"enuc-sha ring with the states , ! ew Republica ns entertain a ny serious hope of getting such a program .of: the ground in the next two yea rs. "We'll hold out rcvenue-shar- , ing as the first order of bu~in ~~s a fter we 1\ r e;;ain control of Congress In 196 ', ·· s ays a lop party planner. . ..,.. �,~ uHHH uld HUI V0L0 THE NEW YORK TI MES - NOV. 19, 1966 W!DE_SCHOOL PLAN ., I 1/~o,1-a;-4ci(\-, Seeks to Help the Poor by · Making Permanent the Gains of Heaci Start By HAROLD GAL Sp~c lal to The ~ e·1-.· York T!mes WASHINGTON, Nov. 19Sa rge nt Shriver has proposed a broa d program to help unde rprivileged child ren retain the gains th ey make in the Government's H ead Start proj ec t. The direc tor of th e Office of Economic Oppo rtu nity, which admin[sters the program for prekind ergar ten children, warned th a t the p resen t elementary school system was "critically inadequate to mee t the needs of children of pove rty." He . urged educators across the · country to do the following: · l,iProvide one teacher for every 15 children. (]Utilize new sou rces of educational manpov:er, such as teacher aides, "subprofession, als" and volunteers. CjEstablish a program of t utorial assista nce in which older ' students from high schools and college would take part. GEs tablish neighborhood councils and community associations, outside of parent-te ac her groups, Uiat would get paren ts involved i n the activities of every public sc!iool. t;Provide an adequate supply of all necessary supplies, including toys and film s, and make broad use of electronic learnino- : ai ds. "' : c:l l nitiate prog ra ms to "train : "childhood development spe- : cialists who wou ld work exclu- : sively in ea rly primary grades, diagnose obstacles to a child's progress and p!·escribe help by other professions, s uch a s psychologists, sociologists and reading specia li sts. Mr. Shriver put his proposals forward in an addre;;.s yester - 1 day before the opening session i of the · annual meetino- of the ' Great Cities R esearch° Council · at the Pfister Hotel in :Milwa ukee. The sessi on was a ttended bv i top ed ucational officials and I other leaders from . the 1 larg- ~ est cities in the lJnited States. Mr. Shriver spoke from notes, and the official text of his re- I marks was made public in I 1 \\'ashington today. T he Shriver program: which he called Project Keep ::\Ioving, I teacher f or every 15 children; ?>Ir. S-hriver said that puttin<> teacher's aides and other adult; in to the class room could m a.t- e 1 J foZ:. any. failure to achieve a l-ta-1.:> ratio. He urged that the neighbor- · Continued From Pa o-e 1 C 1 7 hood be dr3:wn into the school 0 • ____ ,, , so that cluldren and parents was Inspired by a major study a!ike coul~ feel tha t ed:tcation : made publ ic on Oct. 23. T hat wa~ a basic pa rt of their total study found tha t the education- environme~t. . al adva.,tages gained by a pre- M~. S_hn\·er said th at elecschool child in the h ead start tro1_1ic aids ~ad alrea~y proved program tended , to disappear th en· effectiveness rn Hea d sLx to eight m onths after the Start c_lassrooms.. . child had started h is r eo-ula r He did not say m h is address 0 schooling. whe~e funds for Proj ect Keep The study •was d irected b y l\~?vmg would .come from. A:t . Dr. Max Wolff, senior r esearch ame m t~e Off~ce ?f Econo.mic : sociologist at the Cente t· for Opportumty said m \?ashing- , Urban Educa tion in New York. t.on today that Mr. Shnver belt was sponsored by the F er- heved th.at fund s would be Kauf Graduat e School of Ed- m ade .available ~hro.ugh F ederal : ucation at Yeshiva University and Slate agencies if th ere wa.3 . and supported by fu nds from c:1ough pressure from commun!- , the Office of Economic Op- ti.es throughout the country. . portunity. Pointing to the Wolff study, : Mr. Shriver said that "the . 'One Grade at a Time' readiness and receptivity" that · Mr. Shriver conc~ded tha t his many children "gained in H ead i proposals could not be accom- Start has been crushed by the plished all at once. H e said. broken promises of first grade. 1 howeve r, th a t "any u rb:rn schooi Projec t Keep :Moving, he said, ~ system with imagination and a could stir "a r e\·olution in edu- · r easonable use of r e ·ources cation from preschool through 1 could t ack le the job one grade college." at a time." " Only if we maintain the : H e called Projec t Head Sta rt pace of Hea d Sta rt throu ghout ' "a shor t-t enn experi ence, and a the school sys t.:!m," h e said, ! shot of educational adrena lin "ca n we create an educational whose effects ca n w ear off in process whi ch \ Vill give every : the grinding bor2dom a nd frus - disadvantaged child in our na- . tration of s lum classrooms." tion a chance t o obtain the h ighAckno\l'ledging th ?. t it would est educ2.tion level in h is · be d iffi cult to provide one pow:eri' SHRIVER PROPOSES WIDE SCHOOTiJ DI1 AN Ill!) �.., THE EVENING STAR Washin.gtcin, b: c:; Frldoy/ Novem6rir .i8, 1966 \·• ·=-- ' •\ ' ~' I ' _, ~• ' ~ ~ . : A-3 X .,.c; ."' ,•• - - - - - - - P O I N T OF V I E V I - - - - - - - GOP Bg]res By MARY McGRORY Star Staff Writer Rep. 1\11elvin R. Laird, chairman of the House Republican - Conference, has unveiled the economlirl]L~ 5ra1Q.iQP I ·'s e Union" message, which the _newly revivetrminority party plans to repeat-January. He expounded at length on a federal-state tax2 h,l)~inf-n!an ~ ~ginallv pushed bVTvafter1'ieller. wno ser ved noTFi Tue New r."7cinticr and the Great Society as chairman of the President's Council of Econom"ic Advisers. Congressional Republicans are putting a major effort into their minority declaration this year. With 47 new House ' members and a brilliant array of new faces in the Seriate, they hope their "State of the Union" which was somewhat facetiou_sly received i!i 1966, will be taken seriously in 1957. Laird told the press he thinks the real action in the coming year will be in the House, where the swelling of R epublican ranks means that some of the legislative goals might actually _be accomplished. Jn drafting the "State of the Union," the views of the newly elected governors a·nd legislators will be consulted, but L aird said he hoped the House Republicans "would not get involved in presidential politics." He and House Minority Leader Gerald E . Ford alr eady are involved to some extent, since they ; ·aised the money to fin ance the highly ·successful 30-staet campaign tour of Richard M. Nixon. They sought and received clearaz:ice from Ford's governor, George W. Romney, the leading contender. They said they were working not for the candidacy of Nixon but for the congr essmen whom he was boosting. The drafters of the "State of the Union" paper foresee little difficulty with the domestic proposals. The Republican governors went on record in July 1965 in favor of the taxsharing scheme. But if .Senate Min;rity Leader Everet t M. Dirksen EconoR~uic Plan· opposition were formed during , reserves for himself the right to speak again on foreign the Eisenhower years, when · the then· Senate Minority · policy, as- he did in 1965, the Republicans will find them- Leader Lyndorr B. Johnson · took the position that partisan· selves in difficulties. differences stopped at the , Dirksen pleased neither ha_wks nor doves of his party water's edge. with his previous declaration. The rule was observed, He will again fail the hardexcept in 1954 when Johnson, liners like Nixon and Rep. in concert with several other Ford, who favor increased air Democrats, took exceptio.n to and sea power use and the the Eisenhower policies in soft-liners; like Sen.-elect Viet Nam. Charles H. Percy of Illinois Dirksen initially made a few and Sen.-elect Mark 0. Hat- noises about Viet Nam last field of Oregon, who empha- · year, but refused the _langua ge size negotiation. , provided him by the Joint The Senate minority leader Minority Conference and went is a law unto himself, and all the way with LBJ in his none of the technicians in the portion ot the ·'State of the House leadership can appeal . Union." to him to shape his views to Romney is botll vulnerable theirs. · and defensive on for eign Dirksen's thinl-:ing on loyal policy. He r evealed in his first post-election national television appearance s~mday that he not only has no position but no views he dares express. It is this weakness that may prove to be the opportun ity of 48-year-olcl Sen.-elect P ercy, who proposed the all-Asia peace conference, which he _ insists, despite the presidential trip to i\'Ianila, has never occurred. · Percy makes no secret to fello w Republicans of his feelin g that he is far more informed on quesliohs of war and peace than the governor of Michigan. · He has one other adva ntage over Romn ey. He supported his party's nomi nee in 1964 and Romney did not, a circumstance for which the . Goldwater wing of the par ty has not yet for given him. If P ercy- no matter what . Dirksen s ays in the " State of . the Union" message-forges out. a peace position, then it could mean problems, not only · for Rom ney, but for President J ohnson as ,1·ell in 1968. r �THE WASHINGTON POST - NOV. 19, 1966 ·- --- Teachers Seen Using Slunis as Excuse By Henry W. Pierce iwere among more than 2500 , excuse their own failure 1o ·I which is incorrect All the an. p IT '1: S ~UR G H, Nov.. rn Ipersons attending the four- 1jteach the youngsters properly. th~opologi.sts here ha Ye main'. The Nat10n s schools are usmg day American Anthropogical c·t E J tamed trac the culture of povI . 1 es xamp e · erty on e t h b · d 1ower-c 1ass children's "povcr- Association meetin" here. ' , c c P . as een m1sus~ . ty culture" as an excuse for . hSe told about a New York . But perhaps it's our own pomt not educatin" them adequate- ·An th ropologists, who tradi- City teacher in an underprivi- j of view that needs changing." Jy a lead in.'.: social scientist tionally have studied such !edged school district who took . He charged that anthro polo- I charged her; today. things as tribal cultures and her students to the _airport as l?ists a_re "very ~rnch inrnlvedl Dr. Estelle Fuchs, anthro- man's remo te past, have pa.~-t .of a class. proJ~ct. th~,ir own middle-class culpologi;;t at New York's Hunter . . It was the first time those , tures. . I 111 t 1 College and author of the shown . a spurt of i~te_reS children had been out of their · .· controversial "Pickets at the P_O~erty groups w1th 1_n the own neighborhood," she de- ! - - - - - - -- - - ~ ~ Gates," said schools tend to Umted States. A sc~s1qn on clared, adding: i freeze underprivileoed . chil- poverty drew a stand mg-room 1 "They were amazed when . dren into a lower-;lass way crowd here, while sessions on I they got their first glimpse of 1 of life. tribal .customs and on baboon I an escalator. One of them: Washington schools arc a behav10r drew only scattered : asked_ whether it tickled if you 11 prime example of this, she attendance. . Irode 1t. That teacher used the : said. Dr. Fuchs, one of six speak- 1incident to prove her students She also cited schools in Iers ~.n "'!~e Culture of Po\·· 1hadn'~, the intelligence to Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Bos- / rt_y, said _ schools a:e l~ard-1learn . . _I ton and New York. i emng many_ of the c!Jffe1ece_s i Dr. Fuchs called this att1- j t ' between middle-class Amen- tude "typical" among many · . t n· An th ropo 1og1s 1ssen .s , . . ;, cans an d 1ower-c 1ass groups. teachers. But a \\. ahs mgton University "School ad ministrators are . anthropologist, Dr. Charles A. usinN the 'culture of poverty' ' 1'ot Scheduled Valentine, di ~agreed with her. conc~pt to absolve themselves At the end of the session, ·Dr. Va!entme_ charf5cd an- from responsibility," she de- Dr. Valentine, who was not a scheduled s peaker, stood up t)1ropolog1sts with fa1_lurc to clared. live among underprt\'lleged I Teachers, she said, often use and declar ed: . groups as a means of study- Iin such terms as "psycho lo Ni- "It seems to me ther e has ing them. Ically unready" and "~uturally been a common thread run"Anthropologists can sludy Iimpoverished home liie" to j ning through these discussions a South Seas culture and find · · , order, hut they go into Harlem and find nothing but disorder . They study our own slumdwellers with questionnaires and interviews ; they are apparently too afraid lo go and live as on e of them," he as- . sertecl. He -added: "It boils down to this: we are good ,a nthropologists overseas and bad anthro-. pologists at h ome." Dr. Valentine said he intends to "live among the poor" · -as par t ·of a study h e is undertaking n ext year in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn . Four-Day Meeting Dr. Fuchs and Dr. Valentine 0 r ! • Im i , . . I ~ - �.. THE EVENING STAR . ., Washington, D. C., Saturday, November 19, 1966 CHARLES BARTLETT ,- ·Poverty Program to The available insights indicate that President Johnson bas been . more than slightly surprised and discomfited by the election returns. Predictions are rife within the bureaucracy that he will "bunker up" and play a more cautious lead for the next two years. Johnson has conjectured to associates that they all may have erred in bragging excessively about their legislative triumphs. He balked even before the election of beiug finished with the Great Society because its legislative foundations had been enacted. Such hints of an intention to embark on a new tack of leadership are bolstered by polls, which show that a significant segment of the voters, about 48 percent in one Republican survey, would prefer him to be more conservative. A· much smaller group, 19 percent in the Republican poll, wants a more liberal President. One crucial test of the President's dlrection will be the anti-poverty program, .·. which is certain to founder in the next Congress unless he wraps a strong, protective _arm around it. Johnson applied the Gavin plan to the war against poverty 0t the same time that he rejected it for the war in South Viet Nam. The domestic war bas been a holding operation and · its enclaves are on the verge of being overrun. , Tl-ie · tenbative guidelines on which the Budget Bureau has shaped its hearings foreshadow no significant change in next year's poverty package. The total appropriation will be approximately the same and the Office of Economic Opportunity will not be stripped of any of its progriams, as the Republicans proposed last spring. But this in itself is not enough to save a program so close to being destroyed by its enemies . The poverty warriors have been left almost defenseless by the President's failure to translate the enthusiasm with which he declared war on poverty in 1964 into the funds 1 and support needed to sustain an offensive. Johnson did almost nothing to help Sargent Shriver and. f . bis associates in the past Congress and he may well intend to let them be devoured by the next Congress. The blood will not be on his hands · but he will be rid of a Pandora's box of embarrassments. · The President may have underestimated the implications of his promise to stamp out poverty in 1964. He probably did not realize that he was launching a social revolution that would cause old-line social workers, bureaucrats, mayors, governors, senators, congressmen and the poor themselves to rise up in noisy, intermittent indignation. As an old New Dealer who likes programs that kindle gratitude, Johnson may well be mystified by a welfare program capable of causing so much dissent. The trou bles. arise because Shriver and his cohorts have unflinchingly declared war against all the forces which submerge the poor. Convinced that this was more than a matter of putting federal money in poor men's hands, they have poked their way deep into the subterranean caverns of the social structure, roused all kinds of bats, and raised new questions. Johnson undoubtedly envisioned something more like the Labor Department's Neighborhood 'Youth Corps. which is a simple, almost a leaf-raking type of program that funnels more than onequarler of a billion dollars into kids' pockets withou t teaching them much or raising man~' - -- - ('-. issues. It is a safe, unimagi.na~ tive welfare program and it is. extremely popular with Con: ! • · gress. The war on poverty will settle into this comfortable pattern if Congress abolishes the OEO. The bureaucrats.' know the New Deal techniques well and they will back away from contentions like · the , current one that sandwiches Shriver between the liberals who advocate sterilization and . the Catholics who oppose birth, control. -. George Bernard Shaw wrote_ that "nothing is ever done in this world until men are prepared to kill one another if it is not done." The kind of allout war that the President declared and Shriver ha~ waged may involve too manr basic changes to be accomplished in a tepid political climate. a\ But P ar.dora's box has been opened . "The rich man thinks of the future," according to an old proverb, "but the poor_ m an thinks of today." Johnson has raised hopes that are unlikely to subside because of a conservative tinge in the election re turns. © 1966 l I I l Ir t . L _ .rI I �TH~ NEW YORK 1BIES, SUN'rJAY, NOVEMBER 20, __1966. Lawyers Begin Drive Agai11st Poverty lea-al · profession-the fasioning were U1. e deserving poor and the By SIDXEY E. ZION 0 {' legal remedies to achieve undeserving poor." Speclu to The :Sew York Times human r ights through the ap- "As a practical reality," he CHICAGO, Nov. 19;;--A major plication of imagination schol- continued, "we are still living ~ffort t? .~evelop new_ and arship." . with that today." imaginative legal remed ies to For example, he said that He pointed to states that deny combat _:poverty was started class actions by slum tenants aid to dep endent children because here this weekend by the could succeed eYen in states the moU1.er, whose husband has N.A.A.C.P. Legal Denense and where there was no legislation deserted her, is suspected of Educational Fund, Inc. providing for this right. The having sexual relations with an"\.Ve are mo ving into an era class action, which is a lawsuit other man. of pove_rty Jaw which in some bro_ughl by a nun:be;; of persons Compilation of Cases sense 1s com parable to the actmg t ogether, 1s a descendcivil rights law· of the mid- ant of the 17th century," Pro- A 246-page book, p repared by 1930's," Ja ck Greenberg, direc- fessor Levi said. · Cl_le- Legal Defense Fund, was tor-counsel of the fund, said. Similarly, he suggested, a dis tributed to all the la'_vyers Mr. Greenbern- called on tha tenant could force a landlord t o here. The book, which will be 200 lawyers g~thered at th e rehabilita te an . apartment on expand ed_ ~eriodically, contains University of Chica go Law the basis of "the ancient doc- court decisions, legal essays and School to benefit .from t he trine of abatement of a nui- forms that lawyers can use in Mbes t thinking" on the legal sance." preparing cases. The subj ects aspects of slum housing, we!A Char o-e to Lawyers covered 11:re consumer credit, O fare, consumer fraud, and the • • slum housmg, problems of farm farm and migratory workers. I_n most s~ates, Profes~or 1;:_~~1 and migratory workers, and "Those of us who years ago said, there 1s n_o effec tl\•e leo1"- welfare laws. were concerned solely with lation to reqmre la ndl ord s t o "If we could mobilice the orthodox issues of civil rights," repair ruridown apartments. people h ere," said :Michael he sa id, "have little by little B_u~. he said, by th~ use t ra - :\Ieltsncr, a lawyer for the legal and for a time not fully realiz- d1tional legal d oct1 ines, fa sh- de fens e fund, "there would be ino- lt been dea ino- more and ioncd with skill," the goal can a t remendous exposure of the ·m;re with ques ti on; of poverty be accomplished, _ problems of th e poor to the Ap- : and issues affecting all ·Amer- "The cha:ge" to la\\ y ers in pella te Court and to th e people : icans. our generation. he concluded . of the country." · _ . is t o throw open the door s of H e continu ed: "The trouble · 1-ie\\ Techniques Sought the courtroom where t radition - now is th a t th ere is not a genVirtually all of the lawyers ally w ehave sea r ched fo·r truth era! undcrs ta ndin " as to how h~re for th e week end confe1:ence and eq_u ity, so th a t r ights Ion?. people li\"e in slu nZs, what hap- : on la w a nd poverty are act1\"ely rec ogm Zed can be effectua ted. pens t o the m io- ratory work er, enga ged in r epresenting poor :Mr. Levi is profes sor of urba n th e credit ab ufes that afflic t · persons, either through f ederal- studies a t Chicago. o-he tt o people, anci the way t he ly funded organiza tions such as This morning a welfare law poo r are trea ted in the lower the Office of Economic Oppor - expert, Edwa rd V. Spa rer, crim inal courts." Mr. Greenberg said that the . t~ni_ty or throu gh_ legal a id so- wa rned the. Ia wye:s tha t. there c1eties, or as priva te Iav,ryers was m creas mg resis tance m th e confer ence here was "the first cooperating with the Legal De- co untry t? t~e "bas ic prem ise" of its kind in the country" and fense Fund. that the mdi gent have a nght th a t h e hoped it could be set up . E ssentia lly, t he purpose of th e to assistan ce. on a na tion a l and rco-ional basis · conference is to expose th e Mr. Sparer, \\"l'io is legal ?i- in th e futu re. "' lawyers to new thinking on old r ector of the Center of Social The Leo-aJ Defense Fund is subjects, and to explore various Welfa re ai:id. Pu~lic P olicy at not a pa rt of t he National Asnovel legal techniques tha t Columbia limver si ty, n oted th a t socia ti on fo r the Ad\·ancement mig ht be used on behalf of the some ·welfa re depa rtmen ts an d ·of Colored P eople. It is an in' disadva ntaged._ cou~t_s had recently t a l~e n th e ldcpendcn t, non profit corpora' In the ope ning address yes- pos1_t ion ~hat persons m ight b~ ti on \;,ith its ow11 boa rd, budge t, t erday on ~! um housi ng, Pr_of.jdemed aid _e\·en thou ? h th e) a ncl a staff of a ttorn eys devo ted , Juli an_ ~ o~ the .Umvers1ty 1m et the ehg1bihty requ1 rem cntsl to p rovi ding a ssistan ce in legal of Chicago, sa id: of the law. action. '· · · "In cs ence our task ls as ' "It all s ta rted," he said , "in , an cient - ~nd hon orable as th e th e Eliza betha n days when th ere r ~! I L ,-,--- I r �THE NEW YORK THIES - NOVEMBER 2l, l966 WIDER UREA:-NROLE • • • . • -. :: : ..... . . ~- ... ..., ., • • ',iii • - - -- • • • • . governn'ient · \v"iL~in m etropol_i- .been lagging fa t'. behind both Ag ricu_lture, Robert c. W eaver tan . areas, and innova tions m local and Federal a ctivity." . of .Housing and Urba n De\·eI. · ' rela tions between the · Federal "Yet," it- wen t on, "the s ta.tes opment ; Senators Sam J . Ervin Government, the sta tes and occupy_ :critical position within··fr{in1~ North c a:·olina:· Ka rl E. i . , . ,. . Joe~~ C0!lJm)-_tnities a re . __needed the . American F ederal sys tems lEdmundofS S. ~t\_Dakota,' ~n~ !i . ·· • · , · · · to overcome these obstacl es," a nr! possess ,t he power a nd ·res · . : us_,ie °,,f ll[ci.ine,41 'I · _._;' • ,. ~-. - ·c,.· . ,··· -- ; · it sajd. .- _-_- -· · . ·· . · , . . , . . sou:<:es ~o. s tre~gthen l9cal ca - ~ :P~';- enta t_1\ es , Euoene J. U.S. Report Scores Lao- 1n The r eport was prepared for pac1ties and stimulate greater Fou00n 11ta·no_f NNe,\thYCork ,1. L. _ Hd. ·. . . "' th . . b B J . r r th· t rt i o i or a roma an Facin& ,·Cities'" P(ciblem Fr1e~~;n~~ss~~fat/ pro~116:57, 29 December 2017 (EST) of 143.215.248.55 16:57, 29 December 2017 (EST)!~,f ion '\ 1 · m me ropo 1 a_n Florence P. Dwyer of N ew Jer. 0 .__. · , · . "" · · •• sey; ·and i\fayors Neal S. Bla is1 - - - - -.- ..- .- . . i " . ,, c1L_y . pla nning at Massachusetts . _ Specific Proposals dell of Hon 0 I I H . G Id;. .. · · · , !. t nst1tute. of ·T echnology, . a n_d . . . · u u, e1m~n o WASHINGTON, Nov. 20 issued ' b·y- the House Go\'ern- Many ·of the. comm1ss10n s n~r of St. Peters~ur g , Fla., (AP)-A report issued toni o-ht m ent Ope·rations Committee. spe_cific_ pror.iosals, _s u~h a s st~te Ri~ha rd , C. Lee of N ew H an n, . . '.' Much of the r eport was de- leg1sla t10n t o l!m1t · zoning a n A:tnur A. Na fta lm of Mmby _a House committee predict_- voted to. the need for st a te powers of smaller suburbs and neapol!s. ed_ tha t the F edera l sys t em legislation providing g r eater to limit_ incorpo_ration of s~pa - - - -- might be g ravely weaken_ed ui:i- home rule, m etropolita n plan- ra t e umts w1th11:_ m etro?ohtan less states increased their ro1e nin o- and s tren o- thenin o- of a-en- area s, have been issued m earin so)ving the problems of ;-net- eral·go\'ernmen"'ta l units, a t op- lier reports. ·. . . . ( ropohta n area s.. pos ed to school dis trict s wa ter l\'fembcrs of the comm1ss1on R ·' It said states ha d !ag ged far a nd sewera o-e boa rd s a n~! other include Govs. John N. Dempsey n behind F ederal and ;,;~:11 gov- s in o-le-purpt se o-roups. . jof Connecticut , Nelson A. 2 ernments in dealing wi.h s uch / But it noted° tha t the vas t -Rockefeller of New York, Ca rl c p_r?blems and that, a s a re5Ult. increase in ·Federal program s F . S':.nders o_f Georg ia a nd Rob- ~ cities had bypassed ~ta tes :, ml ,a imed at metropolita n areas ert _E. Smylie of Ida ho ; Secre- JJg one directly to \\ a slrn1g tL·,: · should serve as a basis fo r en- t;i. n es H enry H . Fowler of the ' for h elp. · couraging m etropolita n pla n- Treasury, Orville L. F reeman of .1 .., .~ · ·. "l\I!nimizin g state pa r~iripa - ning for both the centra l city tion m u rban a ffa irs 1~ t:111ta - a nd surrou ndi ng suburbs. mount to r emo\'ing s t~ ce in fl u- "The Cong ress a nd executive ence from a critica l n 11ge ~f agencies should a uthorize a nd domesti c iss ues," th e r epor t encou rag e r esponsible j oint pa r said, adding tha t withou t st.ate ticipa tion in urba n development part icipa tion it is doubtfu l programs b.y local g overnments whether local g overnment can having common p rog ra m objecbe r eorganized t o meet its tives in m et ropo li ta n a reas tha t g rowing r espons ibilities." everla p politica l bounda ries," \Vha t is seen a s a n urgen t the repor t said. need t o re-establish a role for . Willia m G. Colman, th e comthe sta tes is a · p rincipa l theme mission's executive di rector, of the 168-pag e r eport, a prod- said in a st a tement a ccompanyuce of seven yea rs of work by ing the r eport tha t "the soluthe bipar t isa n Commi s,jnu_ on tions to metropolita n problems Inter.£"o\·ernmenta f R 0 l 0 ion~. can be de\·e1oped by the states, notes t a t with metropoli- b y the F edera l Government, or t a n areas g rowing so fa st that by both." some 75 per cen t of the naAl though the . r epor t mil.de it tion·s -popula t ion would live clear that the commission fa. there by 1980, the Governmen t vo·red ·such . developmen t a t a ll would have to pro\·ide man:r of levels, l\Ir . Colman said tha t the services· indivi duals could "the decis ion as to wh ich it will furnish themselves in a p re- be res ts · to a considerable exdomi nan tly rura l economy. t ent wi th the sta te · governBut the repor t a sser ted tha t ments, becaus e it they choose · "poor coordin a tion a nd conflicts not ot a ct , th e m etropoli tan . of interest among governmen ts problem by default, becomes often block effec ti\·e action to la rgely a Federal problem." 1 deal w ith metropolita n prob- The report suggest ed th a t · !ems." . this had a lrea dy ha ppened, a nd "Chan·g es in th e structure of said t::a t " the s ta te rol e ha s' (~U-RG-ED--FOR:STAT-ES r I ·f 'l -- �. ___ \ ....._.,... . . l ' THE NEW YORK TIMES, ·.M ONDAY, N OVE':\1:BER 21, 1966. .POPULAT.ION ISSUEIf _ .,. .,~· .\/,·<:.··'.-,·.: -,:-~:'-~ ,,,·-~-~I . ~i-,. ! ; !:· -- ., . ···:.~ '.l ··· PERTURBS H TIRTZ [ J./, -: . •'·· ' · ,._ .~~,, · H 1 .., Dangers F oreseen i ·r,'i "Just as science has made training in ,two \\.;Y~ by_ pro~·id-· ,ri-;/" ~ war t oo dangerous to be left _to ing an across-the-board mcrease I the aenerals, Mr. W irtz said, in medical t raining and by !)roj ;- _ .-_ .-·· · · I' "scie; ce, when it unloc_ks t~e viding a S30-million fund to ·<:- ;:Y;r ,. ·f arcane of thought an~ llfe Will es tablish 60 academic chairs to tf .>.• ·. • ;:_ · • ,-:,. · I either h ave made science t oo s tabilize the college's long-range He Discerns Inadequacies in i j f ,...,, . ·, ·.:.~ . . dangerous t o be left t o th e sci- educational program. ~ '\ !1~~;,;_s,' / : ,~,. _,entists or will have made gov- ' Ee indicat ed that medical Birth Control Discussio1is i . 'fl'::.;J -~ _s;.'t_·,..-·:· F.'t!i ernment t oo danger~us t o be student enrollment would in{_-,_ , }it,-.:,; ;{ ;,;~~ {- · .t;;' left t o the governed.' crease from 96 t o 120 a class, that enrollment for doc torates is E~~s!;~~h~~ll~:lv;~~it~~ would double from 45 to 90 and 1 t hat there would be a substanW il- ; · ·\ . .,% ,f>_}:f--'.:_'_,_, began yes terday a S120-m1l!Jon s e! ;et:~; Jard Wirtz observed critically 'Z.h'f': _: pt /d, development program over a ti2! inc rease in the number of . ' \,\i,,~j:;,,,. . .. • ·  :::-",-i.fa; 1 10-year period to _strengthen_ :nte:n residents and post-docyest erday' tha t the controversia l "'(.lf_,:. and ex tend the me~1cal school toral fellcws trained. question . of birth control had t ...' .·, \_·, .. • . -~'0 progra ms of education a nd reTo pr'.lvide fac ilities for its not been dis cussed openly- :. . . ·. .qf. i..,._Y:: ~ search a nd the development of cxp~.nded enrollment, t he E in"unless -to be der ided"-a t the /r · _;;:·,,,.- , / ' · :,.J ::xtensive facilities. Medical School is planning r_ecentlyth heldh eletchtion catm- f:_ .· · ·"· J ack D. Weiler, chairman of ste::-i ./ E duca~:anal Center . paigns roug out e coun ry. f -·-..1.,, the Medical College's Board of :nr15-story He":~h Sciences on its N oting that some population ;. ,/ ,Overseers, a nnounced that the · -campu.;;. experts· predict there will be f , campaign h ad · started _ wi~h T he build ing would proYide three billion people 01· m ore by t/_ .· preliminary pledges of Sl J-nul- classrooms, lecture nails and t he year 2,000, :Mr. Wirtz added ~ . lion. laboratories, as \\'ell a s other that "t ~ere is ? . ;;:owing aware- i One of t he highlight s of the facilities, including a two -story ness tha t centuries after 1\1:al- I convocation was t he presenta computer center and headquarthus's warning- that t her e may , tion of honorary degrees to four ' t ers for a greatly expanded pronot be fo od to feed so many." l.......... prominent Americans for vari- gram of preventive medicine His r eference to :Malthus reThe New York T i mes ous achievements in their and communit y health. 1 ferred t o Thomas R. Malthu3, VIEWS BIRTH RISE: fields. · Three large middle - income 18th century economist who Secreta ry of Dabor W. WitCited were 1\fr. Wirtz, who apartment houses ,::'.I'. be built was a uthor of the theory that la rd W irtz said birth con- was awarded the degree of on' the campus site to provide_ population t ends to increase docto r of laws ; Cha rles H. Revresidential quarters fo r nurses, fa ster than the f::l:Jd supply, and trol issue s h ould h a ve been son. chairman of the boa rd of h ouse staff, married s tudc:-its, tha t war , disease and famine a re d iscussed m ore openly iii Revlon, I nc., doctor of humane pos t-doct oral fellows and juniur I !'!~ce~=~ry t k ee:' t:w popula- . t i!3 .::.Cl_ccfio-;: · · ca m 1i::i.i~l]s.;_: letters ; Dr. Albert B. Sabin, faculty. · tion in balanc with the food who developed oral polio vacsupply. P opula tion H althus said,, cine, doct or of science, and Dr. mus t be checked by moral reSidney Farber of Ha rvard straint.Medical School, doctor of sciSpeaking at a s pecia l convoence. cation at the Albert Eins tein Dr. Samuel Belki n, president Colle"'e of :Medicine in th e upof , Yeshiva University. who 0 per Bronx, Secreta ry Wi:·tz awarded the degrees, observed used t he birth control qu estion t hat the r ecipients represented as an example of the failure of,· the "creative pa rtnership of in his words, "the majority" to government, science and philanface u p t o t he k:iowledge· thropy in the growth and development of American medical science ~- consta ntly dc·,elop· · education and re earch." ing. . · · · I 'l'he new program. j\fr. Weiler "There is, at least," h e said, sa id, would streng then medical "a rouah equiv:i lent between both th; na ture and the infinite importa nce of t wo pur.,uits: that by the life scienti~( of th e method· of creating life, a nd that by society of how t o con- 1 . o! bi rth.. . J t \::::c:.L l \L' {1 r. 't '/;;,:~lt)( <.· f ·· ·., f. i A ·_·._ .: · t I _.-. )~,!~ · ~~t -:• l I"_ 0 I L L _ f I ~. �r 15, 1 66 Force Tot At th , direction of P ul Yl of the pr y r, I tt chi • Ch pin on lo - r n i , co y es for co If y _ aibl roul to t l c.re of dt trl utt of lee it to t' _ oth .~ merm>e:r•• �STATEMENT ON LANDLORD-TENANT RELATIONS For a tenant who is poor and lives in a slum, the balance of power in landlord-tenant relations is an unequal one. The slum dweller's ability to compete in the market place by moving elsewhere is · sharply limited. His ability to -seek legal redress is hampered both by his level of poverty and the lack of an adequate · framework of legal protection. His ability to obtain protection from government is limited by inadequate code enforcement programs and a lack of effective governmental sanctions in dealing with major code violations. Reformation of landlord-tenant law is a state and local government responsibility, but of major importance to the national welfare. The federal government already has substantial authority to help protect the rights of tenants through better code enforcement. The steps ta.ken by the federal government, while indirect, can be of decisive importance. I I I Recommendations: 1. The Task Force therefore recommends: That a National Institute of Urban Housing Law be es- tablished and adequately funded on a long-term basis. The Institute should be em.powered to prepare model statutes, develop briefs, and serve as a clearinghouse of housing law information. ~-- ... __ / / �2. That the administration of HUD' s "Workable Program" which now statutorily calls for an effective program of code enforcement, be strengthened (a) by giving the matter highest possible priority in the · Department, (b) by clarifying regulations and developing specific criteria on what constitutes an effective program, and (c) ~by requiring · uniform statistical reporting to determine comparable rates of municipal performance. 3. That HUD's program of aid for concentrated code enforce- ment (Sec. 117) be revised to allow the use of such funds in hard ·core slum areas to cope with most urgent code violations, or new legislation should be sought to provide a new aid program for urgent repairs and intensified municipal services in such slum areas. 4. That HEW should be directed, either by legislation or administrative action, to require as a condition of continued welfare payments that state and local governments establish a program that: (a) provides a system for the inspection and certification of major code violations and the opportunity for welfare recipients to elect to with- I I hold their rent where justified, (b) allows rent to be placed in escrow for the repair of such violations, and (c) requir~s enactment of appropriate legislation prohibiting summary eviction of such welfare tenants. 5. That all federal departments concerned with property acqui- sition prohibit peyroents for values rep~esented by the amount of code violations. 6. I -- _/ That federal departments dealing with the audit and veri- fication of real estate and mortgage loan assets require certification, for each property concerned, that no official complaints of code violations I are presently pending. �December 1, 1966 SUMMA_·1w REPORT TO T:FIE ?R~SIDEI\i'T BY THE TASK FORCE ONT}~ CITIES ... ., - DJTRODUCTION The Task Force was convened on October 28 to give con sideration to issues and proposals in four areas : centers, (2) homern-mership by the poor, Corporation, and (4) (3) (1) neighborhood Urban Development landlord-tenant relations . GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood Centers: A federal inter - agency progr ara should be initiated on a demonstration basis . But t he goal should be to shape the tot al service system of a city, so that it effectively meets needs from the individual's viewpoint and not just to te st out different kinds of "models II as though neighborhood centers a.r e ends in t hemselves r ather than t he delivery ar m of the city's service system. Homeownership by the Poor : trying on a pilot program basis . Is a good i dea and well worth But it is no panacea . It should be made part of a. larger neighborhood i mprovement program. It should make mmership possible outside the slum as well as i n i ·~. Dwellings should be rehabilitated prior to asswnption of mmership . Low interest loans and rent supplements or other subsidies from owners will be necessary . �2. Uroan Developr .ent Corooration : As a means of stimulat ing teci_r1ological and o-che r cost-s aving i nnovations, it is an attr active idea . But it must be done on a large enough sc ale if it is to have any i mpact . A number of risks ar e involved. Fir,. commitments on t he availab ility of low- interest loans and rent supplements must be made . Landlord - ten2.nt relations : The federal government ha s present authority, and can issue additional administr ative regulations , to help tenants by requiring vigorous code enforcement a s a condi tion of federal assistance . In addition, consideration should be given to using welfare payments as lever age to correct serious code violation s by l andlords . s·lmn areas . HlJ1) 1 s aid program for code enforcement should be used in A National I nstitute of Urban Housing Law should be es - tablished . fl :ff ,t " · �SlJi,~,_;_/illy STATEJ'l.lEI,iT ON 1JEIGHBORHOOD CENTERS The Ta sk Force is concerned over what appears to be a tendency to look at ne i ghb orhood centers through t he i·r.cong end of the telescope . The quest ion is not how many cente rs we need, n or whether t hey should be pure information centers , di agnosis centers, one stop r:mlti - purpose centers, or othe r combinations . The ques tion is how to t ake the bewildering maze of pr e sent social service s (broadly defined)- a..'1.d develop a system for delivering those services in a manner th.s.t ma..1-rn s sense from the st andpoint of the men, women , and children who need he l p the most. Ne i ghb orh ood centers c an serve as the delivery ar m for the city's system of social services . They can serve effectively, however, only if the city's system is rationally orgru1iz ed to :provide coordinated and mutually reinfor cing s ervices in a manner that genuine ly meets the consumer's needs . They cannot and should not - - be come small repli c as that simply mirror and se ek to compete wit h the larger institutions that make up the pr e sent dis or g anized system . In t he long run that woul d only add one more twist to an already t ortuous maze . Unless there is reorgani zation at the federal, s t ate , and local l evel t o develop a system that is tailored from the viewpoint oi t he i ndividual's needs, the establishment of neighborhood centers in every ghetto of America wil l have little lasting value. �Recommendations: 1. The Task Force therefore recommends: That the proposed inter-agency demonstration in 14 cities negotiate only with cities willing to develop plans and mechanisms for the coordination and rational delivery of its service system. 2. That, to the extent possible, this inter-agency demonstra- tion be carried out in cities participating in the Model Cities Program. 3. That the inter-agency steering committee be directed to study and make recommendations for revision of federal statutory and administrative regulations that would contribute to the development of a coordinated system 4. That, to provide greater funding flexibility, legislation should be sought to enable HUD to use present funds for services as well as physical facilities. 5, That any neighborhood c~nters established be equipped with the mandate and resources to serve as an effective catalyst, influence and advocate for making the total system more responsive -to individual's needs. 6. That the program be carried out with maximum participation and involvement of the people to be served. I I I _,,...- I ~ �SUBCOMM ITT EE REPO RT ON PROMOT ING HOME OWNERSH IP AMONG SLUM RES IDENTS I. Fact ua l Background l. 2. 3. The federal governmen t already prov ides a very significant subs idy for home ownership among middle-income and upper- income groups t hrough income tax deduc tions for int erest and property taxes. a. In 1962, th is subsidy amounted to a $2.9 bi llion tax saving for midd le- and upper- income groups. b. The uppermost 20% of a ll fami lies (w ith incomes over $9, 000) rece ived a subsidy o f $1 . 7 bil lion in 1962 - o r doub le the total 1962 housing subs idy given 1·0 th e lowermost 20% in t he fo rm o f public housing costs, welfare hous ing payments, and tax deductions combined. In ge neral, own e r-occupied ho mes in slum areas a re in better physica l condit io n t han ren t e r-occupied homes. However, this may result from the fac t t hat owners genera lly have higher incomes and mo re assets than ren t ers, rath er than from ownership per se . a. Th e proport ion of substa nda rd uni ts a mong fami lies w ith inco mes be low $4 , 000 in c ent ra l cities in 1960 was 8% for own er-occupied uni ts a nd 21% for renteroccupied un its. b. The pro po rt ion o f unso und dwe lling un its among a ll fam i ies in c entra l citi es in 1960 wa s 11% fo r owner-occupie d un its and 33% for ren t er-occupied un its . c. Th ere is a st rong consensus a mong housing expe rts and so cia l wo rkers ex perienc e d in slums tha t prov iding fa mi ies who want to own homes w it h a chanc e to do so wo ul d induc e signifi cantl y grea ter responsibil ity on t he ir part towa rd ma intenan c e o f bot h property and genera I neighborhood cond itio ns. Low-income residen ts get less qua lity pe r do lla r of rent than higher-income residents, and non - white get less t han w h tes. 0 a. In Houston , 80% o f low-in co me families pay ing $40 to $60 pe r month rent Iived in deterio ra ti ng or dila pida ted units, as compa red to only 21 % o f families with incomes o f $3, 000 to $6,000 payin g the same rents . Similar fi ndings (but less ext re me) were ma de in all cities recentl y studied. b. In Chi cago, w hites a nd non-whHes both pai d a median rent of $88 per month in 1960 , but the med ian unit fo r non - w hites was small e r and mo re crowded, and 30 . 7% o f a ll non-white occupied units were deteriorating or dilapidated, as compared w ith 11. 6% of al! white-occupied units. �-2- 4. Absentee ownership is higher in slum areas than in non-sl°um areas for comparable types of property. However, this could be a result of slum cond itions (for example, many peop le wealthy enough to be owners may not want to live in slums) rather than a cause of t hem. 5. Res iden ts o f poveri·y areas and racia l gheHos consider obtaining decent housing to be one of their most significan t prob lems. Yet they often feel frustrated by their apparent inabi Iity i·o improve their housing conditions through their own action. a. II~ 111. Most soc ial workers and other o bservers of slums believe that many very lowincome families have a strong desire l·o own their own homes. Objecti v es of Programs Encouragi ng Ho me O w nership 1. Providing more persons living in s lums wi t h an opportunity of shaping their own destiny regard ing the na t ure and condition of the ir housing. Thi$ would help t hem (a) develop a stake in society, (b) derive signifi cant benefits from governmental and other institutions they now regard wi th suspicion or host i lity, (c) learn how to make good use of such institutions, and (d) increase the feelings of self-estee m, pride, and adequacy which are so batt~red by life in s lum areas. 2. Improving the quality of housing occupied by s lum dwellers, and the qua lity they receive per dollar of expenditure on housing. 3. Providing a greater incentive for s lum a'wel lers to better mainta in the pro perty they Iive in, and to generally improve their own Iives. 4. Improv ing landlord-tenant rela tions among slum dwellers by shifti ng fro m absentee to resident landlo rds. 5. Prov iding easier and more widely accessible means for some slum fami Iies to " escape" from s lum areas by buying ho mes in non-slum and non-ghetto areas wh ich are nearer to new sources of jobs and have better-q ua lity env i ronments and government servic_e s. Constraints Under Which Any Programs Should Operate 1. Programs encouraging home ownership among persons now liv ing in s lums should involve two major facets: improving housing conditions and household morale in slum areas, and helping households now living in those areas move to better neighborhoods. Neither of these facets should be neglected. a. Those parts of any program concerned wi th slum areas themselves should be linked w ith re habili tation of housing in such areas. b. Those parts of any program concerned with helping people move out of s lums need not be linked w ith rehabilitation. �-32. 3. 4. Home-ownership-encourag ing programs shou ld be tried and developed only in three types of a reas: a. Slum areas where the en i·ire env ironmen t is being upgraded through o ther programs, such as improved government services, better schoo ls, intensive socia l work, etc. Ownership a lone is no t a panacea and c anno t co pe with a ll t he dep ressive factors in s lums. Hence s lum ownership programs should be tied in wii-h Model C ities Prog rams. b. O lder bui· well-established and stabl e neighborhoods genera ll y in good physical cond ii"ion and sup p lied wi t h good-qua lity govern ment services. In such areas, programs cou ld be both lin ked wi th rehabilitation o f t he few run-down struc t ures presen t, o r ca rried out wi t h hous ing a lready in good co ndition. The un its invo lved would be occup ied by e ith er new owne rs moving in from slum areas, or present renters in the neighborhood assuming owne rshi p . c. Newer and ou tl ying and suburban ne ighbo rhoods in excel len t conditio n and supp lied wi th good-qua lity governmen l· services. Here s lum dwe ll ers would assume own ership o f hous ing a lready in good cond ition. Programs en cou ra gi ng ho me ownership by s lum dwellers must no t work to thei r disadvantage. These programs shou ld nei ther cause suc h ho useho lds to in v est in property likely to deprec iate rapid ly in va lue , no r II lock them in to the s lums" and b lock their chance to move out into better ne igh borhoods. The refore: a. Such programs should no t be undertaken in slum areas w here cond itions are so bad tha t most o f t he dwe llings w ill e ventua ll y be demo li shed and replaced. b. Such programs shou ld not be un dertaken in any slum a reas un less 11 a ll-out 11 environment-improv ing programs are also currentl y underway. c. Suc h programs shou ld embody a "take-out " feature . It wou ld co nsist o f a guarantee by some public agen cy to buy the un it ba c k from its new owne rs within a certain time period a t no loss to them in case they decide (1) they would rather move ou t of th e slum area altogether, (2) they cannot handle the con tinuing burdens of owne rship, or (3) they do no t want to own this property beca use of con tin ui ng decline in the quality of the neighborhood as a whole. However, owners would be allowed to keep at least a portion of any capital gains resulting from their selling their property to other persons likely to maintain the property adequately. Ownership-encouraging programs linked to the rehabilitation of s lum properties should require it to occur before those properties are transferred to thei r new owners. The costs of rehabilitation can then be built into the debt structure of �- 4- these properties. Such cos"i·s can ·i·hen be subs idi zed th rough (a) e 1m!naJ·ion o f any required down-payment, (b) use of below-market-interest-rate loan fu:-i ds, (c) prov ision o f rent subsidies to tenants in resident land lo rd bui Idings, and (d) prov ision o f owne rship subsidy paymeni·s to new owners who are not land lo rds. 5. In order to make even t he lowest- income groups e lig ib le for these programs , 't would be desirable to chan ge pub lic aid regu lations so that we lfare payments fo r hous ing cou ld be appl ied against debt service and other ownershi p costs as we as a gainst rent. 6. Such programs shou ld not resu li· in the reaping of large profits by a bsentee owne rs who have refused to keep up th e ir propert ies, but who are required by t hese programs to se l I their properi"ies to o thers. 7. O wnership-encouragi ng programs for s lum dwel lers mus1· embody sign if cant preand post-ownersh ip counse ling and financial help admin istered by o rgan iza t ion s located in the slum areas themselves. These supplementary programs a re essen t ' a l to he lp t he new own ers w ith the lega l, fi nanc ial, maint enance, and rehabilita tion prob lems they w i 11 en counter a fter assum ing own ershi p. 8. Such pro gra ms shou ld no t requ ·re eit her the new owners or their ten an ts to ra ' se signi fi cantly the propo rtions o f thei r in comes they spend on housing, since t ha t pro portion is a lready high. 9. Because o f t he uncertainty conc erning the possib le success o f owne rsh ip-encouraging programs, and the particular forms o f them wh ic h w il I be most effective , they should be started on an experimenta l basis. This implies t ha t: -a. Sev e ra l different formats shou ld be started simu ltaneous ly, and eac h shou ld be tested un der a variety of condifions. b. Such programs shou ld be started on a rela t ive ly sma ll sca le, a nd expanded to larger-scale o peratio ns on ly aft er some experien ce has been ga ined about wh ich forma ts are most e ffec tive. c. Ea c h experiment shou ld be designed so that its effectiven ess can be accurate ly eval uated w ithin a rel a tive ly sho rt ti me. The obje c tives which shou ld be weight ed most heav ily in such eva luation shou ld be those concerni ng th e pro~ gram's impact upon t he ind iv idua l househo lds and fami li es invo lved, ra th e r than its impac t upon the phys ica l condition of housing, or th e flsca! status o f the c ities concern e d. d. The federal agenc y sponso ring such programs shou ld develop a set of specifl c formats w hic h it seeks to t est , and shou Id be sure that eac h o f th ese formats is g iven an e ffective test in one o r mo re c ities. �-5e. IV. Individual experiments shou ld be in corporated in the Mode l C ities Prog ram in many cases, since this program has been created to stimulate and test innovations in cop ing with s lum cond itions. 9. Programs encouraging home ownership among slum dwellers shou ld not be eva luated in terms of their effectiveness a t sav ing money in relation to other housing programs (such as urban renewa l o r public hous ing). They w ill probab ly cost no less than such o ther prog rams, and perhaps more. -Bui· they can be evalua1·ed in terms of thei r effectiveness at sav ing money in the long run by red ucing the costs of o ther programs aimed at coping wh"h the impacts of s lum a reas upon individuals. Examples are welfare programs, po lice action, and anti-de linquen cy programs. l 0. Ownership-encouraging prog rams can be best undertaken when norma l market forces are bringing about a rapid expansion in the i·otal supply of housing t hrough extensive construction of new mu lti-fami ly and single-family homes. O therwise the add itional demand fo r housing generated mighi· simp ly a ggrava t e any existing shortages and drive up prices and rents, rather than increasing the supp ly ava ilable to low-income families. This means such programs w ill func tion best when interest rates are re lative ly low rather than in a 11 tight money 11 c lima te . Suggested Programs l. A program to locate s lum dwe llers now renti ng in absentee-owned bui Idings who migh t become successful resident land lords , to find bui Idings appropriate for conv ersion from absen tee- to resident-l and lordship, and to assist the persons found to assume own ership o f those bui !d ings. a. The program wou ld invo lve full subsic;lies for down payments where re uired, and wou ld fi nance on-go ing o perating expenses and debt amortization out o f rents. b. Costs o f any rehabilitation necessary to bring the buildings up to con formity w ith re levant codes wou ld be cap ita lized into the debt structure. c. Below-market-interest-rate loans wou ld be used to finan c e purchase~ d. It wou ld concentrate upon buildings now in poor condition, but still capable o f satisfactory rehabilitation w ithout enormous costs. These buildings cou ld be a cquired from their absen tee owners through a 11 sq ueeze-out 11 process of code enforcement w ii-h minimum public investment. e. This program wou ld be applied on ly in 11 minimum-sized pieces. 11 Each would invo lve a c erta in minimum number of buildings located c lose together in a single block o r a few adjacent blocks. The number of uni ts wou ld be of sufficient "c ritical mass 11 to affect the entire environment of �-6- the b lock or b locks invo lved . Mo reover, eac h such "critica l-mass-sized piece" wou ld be processed simu l'·aneously and as a who le by the govern ment agency hand li ng the prog ram, ra-rher than one bui lding at a time. 2. f. The famil ies seek ing 1·0 become resident land lo rds unde r this program would no t have to remain in i·he spec ifi c buil dings t hey now occupy, but shou ld be allowed to assume ownersh ip in the neighborhoods whe re they now reside. g. In cases where recoverlng the cost of rehabilita tion requ ired rents ·n excess o f the ability to pay o f loca l low-in co me ho useholds, ren t subsidies would be linked into the ownersh ip-encouragement progra m. The combin ed effec t wou ld (1 ) provide rehabilita ted un its for low-income renl·ers and (2) a llow some low-income fami lies to become resident land lords in these rehabil ita t ed bui !dings. h. The program shou ld be run by new, loca l ly-offic e d o rgan izations operating under th e jurisdic i"ion of t he Ass istant Secretary 6f Housing and Urban Deve lopment for Demonstrations and Resea rc h. (1) Because the basi c o biec tiv e o f this program wou ld be a c hange in the soc ial cond it io ns and men ta l a ttil- udes o f s lum dwellers., it wou ld be des irab le fo r primary responsibility to rest in some a gen cy other than FHA . This wou ld a llow FHA to reta in its bas ic " prudent inv estment" o rienta tion w ithout conflkHng with the o bjectiv es o f t hi s program, w hi ch vary from II prudent investment. 11 As lon g as this program is muc h smaller t han FHA 's ot her activ ities (and it must be at least to start), it wou ld be diffi cu lt for FHA to generate the necessary enthusiasm and out look to encou rag e !·he high-risk and frank ly experimental operat·ons essent ia l to success. (2) The Assistant Secreta ry shou ld set general standards of performance and evaluat ion for the program. However, he shou ld be fre e to c reate a variety o f specifc o rganizationa l a rrangemen ts with loca l groups to o perate the program in different metropo litan a reas. Examp les are non-pro fit co rporations, chu rch groups, un ions, or city departments . (3) Each such organ ization shou ld opera t e loca l neighbo rhood o ffi c es to assist new owners w ith (a) pre-ownersh i p training in housekeep ing , mak ing minor repa irs, and lega l responsibi lities, (b) counsel ing on main t enance and fi nancing du ri ng the initial ownershi p period, and (c) fo l low- on counseli ng as necessary. A simi la r progra m to he lp ren t e rs in slum areas take over ownership o f indiv idual un its in mu lt i-fami ly bu il d ings on a condom in ium basis (but not on a cooperati ve ownership basis). �-7- a. This program would hav e a ll o f ·i· he attributes of the first program described above except the use o f rent subsidi es (parl· g). b. If the in co m_es o f the potential owners were not suffi c ient to pay the ca rrying costs o f ownership, then an add it iona l con t inuing su bsidy cou ld be used. This subsidy wou ld be considered the eq uiva len1· o f i·he in.terest and pro perty- tax ded uc tion subsi dy en joyed by midd le-in co me and upper- in come househo lds. Since low- income househo lds do not hav e enough income to benefit fro m such ded uctions, they wou ld be given direct cash equiva lents. The higher the income, the lower the equiva lent; t he larger the household, the hig her the equiva lent -- o ther things being equa l . 3. Anothe r program to he lp renters of sing le-fami ly dwe llings in slum areas ( like Watts) i·ake over ownershi p o f their dwe llings o r o f o ther similar sing le-fam ily dwe llings nearby . This program wou ld a lso have a ll of the a tt ributes o f th e first program desc ribed above except the use o f reni· subs idies. It wou ld make use o f in co me-ta xdeduction-equiva lents, as desc ribed under the second program set fo rth above. 4. A fourth program design ed to encou rage slum dwel lers to mov e into non- slum areas by buying s ing le-fam ily o r two-fam ily bui ldings, o r individua l un its in con do mini um bui ldings, in such a reas. a. This prog ra m wou ld invo lve fu ll subsidies fo r downpayments where req uired. b. It wou ld be focuss ed upon bui Idings a lready in standard condition and therefore needing v ery li tt le rehab i litation. c, It wou ld invo lve indiv idua l bui ldings· scattered throughout neighborhoods containing soc io-economic lev els above th e slum areas , but not as high as upper.,. middle-in come areas . Howev er, the condom ini um parts of the program wou ld invo lve entire bui Idings o perated unde r the program. d. It wou ld incorporate the aspec ts o f the first program desc ribed a bove set fo rth · in paragraphs IV, 1, f-g-h . It wou ld a lso in co rporat e the cont in uing subsidy based upon income-t ax-deduction ·eq uivalents described in paragraph IV, 2, b above. e. The o rganization o pera ting this progra m should have a metropolitan-areawide jurisdiction rather than covering on ly the c entral c ity therein. In fact, it shou ld emphasize placement o f former slum dwellers in suburban areas where possible. Yet this organization should be the same as, or close ly linked to, w hatev er organization administers the o ther programs described abov e . f. The exact locations of the housing se lected for use in this program should be based upon the fol low ing considerations: �- 8- 5. (1) The housing un its se lected shou ld be in sound neighborhoods but sho u ld not be far beyond the econo mi c capabi Iities of th e households moving out of the s lums. Hen ce these househo lds mig h·i- be expec ted to assume fu ll ownership w ithout a con ti nu ing subsidy a fter a c ertain period. (2) There shou ld be a mixture of Negro and white households in vo lved. Some of the s lum move-outs shou ld resuli· in re location o f Negro fa milies in previous ly a ll -wh ite o r predominan·tl y-whi t e areas, a nd some shou ld resu l-r in p lacemeni· o f Negroes in previous ly Negro areas and wh il-es in prev ious ly whi t e a reas. (3) In no cases should the househo lds moved out o f s lums under ·this program be conc entrated together in the rec eiv ing neighbo rhoods i·o suc h an exteni· as to become a dominant group in any given b lock o r elementary schoo l d istrict. (4) If possible, the neigh bo rhoods chosen shou ld be c lose to the type o f jobs possessed by the fami I ies mov ing oui· o f the s lums , and to so_urces o f new employment o ppo rt uni ties being created in the metropolitan area. (5) If possible, the neighbo rhoods c hosen shou ld be parts of c il"ies benefiting fro m o ther federal programs (suc h as urban renewal, the Interstate Highway Progra m, or federal aid to education) the contin uance o f whic h might be linked a t least informa lly w ith wi llin ness to coo perate w ith this program. Sim il arly, this program might be linked with defense procu rement acti v ities in commun ities be nefiting from defense production con trac ts . g. This program wo u ld not invo lve the c reation o f resident land lords (exc ept in two-unit bui !dings) by eliminatio n o f absen tee land lordsh ip . h. It might be desirab le to link this program w ith th e o the r programs encouraging own ership of buildings in s lums by s lum-dwe llers . This cou ld be done through some type of formu la wh ich wou ld require prov isio n of a certain number of · 11 s lum-escape 11 un its for each set o f "slum-renovation " units invo lved . Al l of the above programs should be linked to a number of o ther federa l programs or policies aimed at reducing the impact of ethnic discrimina tion upon housing markets. Discrimination creates a " back-pressure" in areas readily avai lable to minority groups which tends to raise prices therein . This makes it ha rder for resi ents to own their own homes, and reduces the incenHve of absentee lan d lo rds to improve deteriorated slum properti e s. Among the possible ways to counteract these forces might be: a. Requirement that any dwe lling uni ts financed with mortgages furnished by institutions supported by federal agencies (such as banks and savings and loan associations) be sold or rented on a non-discriminatory basis. �----- ·------------ - -- --- -·- -·-- - - -9b. CreaHon o f pub li c ho us ing on va c ant land, parH cu la rly in subu rban areas; preferab ly on sca ttered sites an re la ti ve ly sma li u low- dse pro jec ts. Th is assumes that the hous ng so c reated wou ld be ntegrai-edu preferab ly with a Negro mino rity u ra ther than l 00 perc ent Negro. 0 0 c. Subs diz a tion o f privat e groups des"gned to he lp Neg ro househo lds move onto prev ious ly a ll -wh t e neighborhoods in suburbs and pe d phera l ne ighbo rhoods in c entral ci·H es. (An examp le ss the group o f th us type in Ha rtford 0 Connect icut) . Such subs idy cou ld consist o f gran Hng o f tax exemptions u o r a llow in g the sa le o f ta x-exempt secu rit° es,. as we ll as provhbn of g rants to cover cap ita l or ope ra ting costs. · 0 0 V. Estimated Costs of Owne rsh ip-En co uragement Programs Undertaken a t Va d ous Sca les l. Bas ic assumptions unde rl y ing l·hese cost estimates are de r°ved from FHA expe d en ce and census data. They are as fol lows: a. Th e total cost o f acqu ring and rehabilitating e ither singl e-fam nl y o r m t· fam ily hous ing will be $1 2,,500 per un it . b. Tota l per-uni t mon -i·h ly ope rating expenses a re $48 .46 for sing le-fam ily houses, and $49 . 42 for mu lti -fam ly bu il d ings (i nc lud ing a $9 a lowan ce for vacancy and contingencies but no a Ilowance for management fees). 0 0 c. Househo ld inc o mes have ri sen about 25% since 1959, when t he in come d istribution among occupan ts of substandard hous·ng uni ts who ea rned less than $6,000 per yea r was as fo ll ows: Unde r $2,000 $2,999 17 . 2% $3;000 - $3, 999 13.5% $4,000 - $4, 999 9.3% $5,000 - $5v999 6 . 4% $2,000 Tota l d. 51.9% 100 .0% Th e proposed prog rams will extend ass istance to members of a ll th ese ·ncome groups proportionately . Henc e ca lcu lotions about the total subsidy re quired can be based upon th e we ighted average 1965 in come o f th e entire group, which as $2,840 per year. �- 10- e. Househo lds can devote 25% o f t heir incomes to housing. Thss a mo un ts to a we ghted average of $59.16 per mon1-h for th e en f re g roup invo ved. 0 2. f. A ! costs of acq uisition a nd re ha bi ta tion w "I be :nco rporat ed nto the tota l in "Ha l loan and amo rtazed over a 30-year period on a no-dow n- payme, t bas·s. g. Mu lt"-fam!!y p rograms w ill uta aze 12-un it buo! d ings and provode no ex p!k H a llowance for owner profts. 0 0 These assumpt 'ons lead to t he fo l owing conc lus'ons: a. The annua I ra t e of d h e c t subs idy per un H, not coun ti ng ad mi nistra tive costs or losses of int e rest from be low-markel- ra i·es,. wou ld be $504 fo r a seng le-fa mq y program a nd $5 16 for a mult~-famely program at a 3% nt e rest ra t e. Hence direct subsid ies per un it a re very similar fo r the two programs. 0 b. D rect subs idy costs a re ve ry sensit°ve to c ha nges in int erest ra te . For a s ngl efa mi y program, the va ria t on is fro m $772 per uni t per year a t 6% to $504 a t 3% and $288 a t z e ro nteres1. However g if losses in int erest a re co nted a s costs, th s sensitiv ity drops to zero. 0 0 0 0 0 c. Direct subsedy costs are a lso very sensitive to c hanges in the ·ncome-co mpos1t"on of the groups serve d. Exc luding fam H°es w"th inco mes below $20 000 ra ~ses the we "ght ed average a mou ,t ava "lable per month fo r hous ing fro m $59 . 16 to $94 .88 . This reduc es the annua l s'ngle- fam ily subsidy a t 3% 'nterest from $504 per un it to $75 - - a drop of 85% . However, it a lso exc ludes 52% o f the ho use ho lds w ith incomes unde r $6 8 000 liv ing in substa nda rd hous"ng. d. To·ta l costs a t va d o us sca les o f operatcon (exc luding a dministratuon) a re snmll a r fo r both song! e-fa mal y and mu lti -famoly programs. Hen ce they ca n both be 1tl ustrated by the fo iow cng ta ble for singl e-family pro gra ms,. assumong a 3% int e rest ra te : Number o f Housing Units Annual Direct Subsidy Charges ($ m· I lions) Requi red !nut[a i Loan Fund A llocat·ons ($ m 1!'ons) 0 $ 62 . 5 5;000 $ 2 . 520 10,.000 5.040 125 . 0 25g000 12. 600 312.5 50,000 25 . 200 625 . 0 50.400 1,250 .0 �- 11 - e. 3. Th e above tab le ·s based upon pro po rt·ona i pa rt dpat ion by a H uncome groups un der $6, 000 pe r year. Va·ia tions in tota l cosi·s a t th ese sca les res u ltung from changes ·n int erest ra t es or in come-g roup compos itio n can be roug h ly est; ma t ed from po ints (b) and (c) a bove. 0 The s"gn· .c·cance of th e sca le of ho me-owne rsh ip programs depends upon the tota l number of s lum fam i ies Bv ng ·n substanda rd hous ng who wou ld Hke to beco me owners • 0 0 . 4. a. n 1960, t he re we re 6.9 millio n ren te r househo lds lov ing ·n cent ra l c Hes. Aboul· 818, 000 (1 2%1 le ved in substanda rd un its; 508 , 000 of these had ~ri comes unde r $4, 000. Ano t her 992,000 (14%) lived in standard but c rowded un its; 390,000 o f these had oncomes unde r $4u 000. Hence th e paten-Ha ! centra l..: d ty "unive rse" consists o f 1.8 m' llion ren t ers in substandard or c rowded Lm!ts 17 o f whom 898 1 000 had incomes under $4,000 in 1960. Of course., now he re nea r a l I of these househo lds wish to become owners. b. There w e re ac t ua ll y more renter househo lds in substandard un' ts o uts;de c entra l c ities t han ins ide th em in 1960: 1,923; 000 vs. 818 8 000. Howeve r, except for 205 , 000 local·ed in the urban fringes o f metropo litan a reas, t hese househo lds shou ld perhaps no t be co nsidered as "s lu m res idents. 11 0 is The cost o f home-owne rsh ip programs sim il a r to tha t o f ren t supp lement prog rams 8 coun t 'ng on !y direc t subsidy pay ments. The d rect rent supp lemen t s bs udy a verages about $600 per uni t per yea , as co mpared to $504 pe r uni t per yea r for scng !efamily ho me ownership a t 3% interest. Howev er, if interest losses due to below market rates are co unted, th en another $268 per un H per yea r must be added (H th e market ra t e ·s conside red to be 6%). Th s inc r~ases the per un it per year cost o f th e home- ownershop prog ram to abou t· 29% a bove that fo r th e ren t supp lement prog ram, exc luding adm in°st ra ti ve costs from both . 0 0 VI. Recommended Add st°o!1a l Researc h 1. Some o f the concepts and quant fned esta ma t es set forth abov e have been based upo n adm tted !y [n adequa t e o r unreHab le da ta. Therefore, we recommend t hat additiona l resea rc h be undertaken before the programs described here ln a re g uven flnal app rova l in concept or designed in detail. 0 0 2. Consequent ly,, re li ab le information about the fo l lowing shou ld be o bta ined: a. Ac cura t e est ·mat es of tota l operat'ng costs for mu lti -fam ily hous b g to be deve loped under any owne rsh ip program. Th e opera ti ng cost estlma t es a n d conti ngency a llowances used 1n t he above ca lcu la tions were sup p!o ed by FHA . Howeve r.v we be lieve they may be low v because opera ti ng costs no rma l!y run 60% of to ta l g ross revenue 6 and no t all funds ava il ab le for debt service are actua ll y app lied to debt service. �-12b. Th e required a tt ribut es of home owne rs in slums . Probab ly they revolve around steady emp loymen t , ·rhe a va il abi lity of mu lti p le fam ly membe rs some o f wh o m are ho me and ca n keep i"rac k of t he pro per·'·y , reasonab ly good c harac ter reco rd, etc. 0 c. The spec ifi c urban areas c lassified as s lum a reas for pu rposes o f these programs, a nd c ertain da ta about them . (1) Number o f dwe lling un its by ·' ype o f struc t ure : sma ll mu lti - fam i y, la rge mu lti - fam il y, a nd sing le fam ily . (2) Number of ho useho lds li ving t herein a nd their ma jo r inco me, ethni c , a nd fami ly size c haraderisti cs . (3) Condi t io n o f structures. d. The numbe r o f pe rso ns o r ho useho l s in i·hese areas who hav e the requ·red c harac teristi cs for ownership, abso ute ly and as a perc entage o f the tota l. e. Ways in whi c h ownersh ip programs can be ti ed into over-a ll stra i"egi es conc erning low-in co me ho using and th e ame li o ratio n o f gheHos so t hat they do no t mere ly perpet uate s lums by II lock"ng in 11 the new owners of o ld bui ldings. �=r----- -,..,-.-..,--.x,.-n.,·. ,- --·--- ··- --- --·-- --~-·-- · - . . . ' - - - - i ' t ·, j ' ~ ' . d: ·• ··., . . .. ' . Draft: IBJD/l'o/25/66 · · NEIGHBORHOOD Cf! :-:T?R PI LOT PRCGR/IJ-1 I. '. l Introduction A. Purpose of the pilot J?TOGr<".:-:r On Friday, August 19, the Pr ~sident in his Syracuse, New York, I speech asked. • • "the Secretary c f I{ou3inc; and Urban Development to set a.s his goal the est~blishmer: t --· in every ehetto .in A."llerica .-- · I of· a neighborhood center to service the people who· live there." ! .I Acco:..~din~ly initial_ steps tc ;.ro r o. fulfilling this · goal were t l I taken when, under Executive OrdE t·. 11297, t he Department of: Housing · ~ a~ Urban Development convened a meetin3 on A~gust / · / 30,; 1966; of 1 Federal agencies to develop a rE DO~t to the President and initiate . / a · program of, action to meet the Pres ident's r equest. ·1 As a re sult of a serie s of :i n'cer-agency meetings a ·plan for · ,/ l : / f ./ ,: . a program ·o f pilot projects, wh::i ch would become the first-step toward the President I s goal, haro bee_n developed. This program · will be desi gned and carried out a long t he -f ollowing lines. · 1 I 1. •X- ·X- ·X· K· ·X· -'i<· ll. ·Purnoses of a Ne ighbor hood Cent o· A neighborhood center shoulo facilitate the deliverance of ' services to people in low-inconc nei ghborhoods and .provide a broad range of health, recreation, soc ial and employment service s . More social, .health, employnent, recreation, and education services are nee<l,ed in the pover.t y c).rc~$; t.he se services need to l· ) i I· I �·2 be· decentraliied to such areas to be moGt effectively used; and ·[ these se::c.-vices- should be provic c ,'i to t he r,rectest extent possible in the context of One-Ston or T· ei. -1-,bo;:-1,oocl Center. ·. Such a center 0 would :provide adequate deliver:i o'f: these services inn co~erent, coordinated manner, reach tne tni nformecl, the isolated and alienated' I ' and :provide a .forum where the reeds of the neighborhood can 'be · e:>.1)ressed. I III.· Criteria for a Neir,hborhood Ccrtcr ¥.any variations are possfoJc in the design of neighbor~ood centerG; and local conditions, resou=c0::., 1:ced.s , choices, and p;>:-og_ra.r.is will determine specific solutions. To be considered a neighborhood center ror this pilot program, however ~ the facility must provide at a minimum a :progrEUn for the following ser vices : . 1. Inf'ormation on citizenr' ri5hts and on how and where to get services and assistancE. 2. Diagnosis of problems e nd referral to service agencies. · 3. Follow-up or outreach f 0 1· continued counseling .and services. 4. Co-ordination among aeEncies (Federal, State, local-public a nd private) supplying cervi ce s to t he neighborhood:. 5. Involvement by t he ne i f hborhood resident s. Whei;iever feasible the progrc1m for t hese ·r.iinirr.um · services should be · expanded t o :t,nclude other t ype:: of services and acti vities, depend.i ng on the needs of the particular ser·vice area. 1\lnong them are: 1. Social services . 2. A broad range of active end passive recr ~ational facilities . �------ i 3. I. I Employment informat i on. r c:E'm.·i·al , counceling and training facili tics. I / 4. I I Houcing ascistance. I 5. Acti vi tiec ·directed t o I 6. Health services includ:.ri~ cxcmi nution and consultive services. 7. Cultural enrich.-nent. -8. tl:c need.::; of tenior · ci tizer.s. Non-curricular and remc·dfa1 education. 9. Decentralization of r:m.1ty Ci ty Hall service functions to the neighborhood. The :fll'o/Sical size of t he nc·i c;hi)orhood center will depend oh the. scope of the cervi ce progr am i-,. j_:, t o h ou ::;e. I In addition to the con- · cept of the neighborhood centeJ· ~s a s incle building, consideration raa.y be Given, wher e the neig:ioc,:;.·:1ood i s small in area but dense· i n po:pulation, to the concept of r. ,st r uctu::-e havin~ many services supported by other· off ices or str.".ctu:..·e s p1·oviding su:p:porting services. ' I . I V. I. I I A l':e ir.:hbm.· hood Center Exanrole Although a cent er wi l l have mo.ny ccml)onents, such a facility :crc1.st · be organized a nd administrated · in a coherent f ashion... This would r e - I I I • l. l. l Reception , referral, cb c:i.:snos i s , :follow -up , .outr~ach, and related gener.a li zed se1 vices be performed through a com:non reception and adminir.tlcJtion system. 2. All or most of the comrunity's nocial s ervice agencies providing services of nee<' to the neighborhood . should be located in one building or witl-·in waL'l<ing distance of each other. /. / xc ... -·· , I' I r �F -===============~-==-~~ l ,___, .~~ :=:~j~. ~-•~:::;143.215.248.55::;:':;;=·. ~ ..r~- .:- · : - .. -·--..,,-......- - ·.- - .:- . · ~ - ~ =~' . -· •.•::...._ ·.:;~ - ,-::-':'::~~'.-~ ·:::::: ·a--·:·::::::::--;: ·· n~,o~'<~>;~~-~<:::-!fii~ .- *ti~ ..:..;...~/ ___:____ ~ !· ' • _ ,:·j, l I I l · 3. If smaller infonnation, u.::.ci. rc,fc-r;_·o.l or servi·c e center::; are located in the r.ei,;l1L1orhcoc1 ) they snould be related II j ! to the larger one-stop :-;crvicc cer-.'ccr. ~• I A center would be design.eel i1; a flexible manner so that · the Sl)ace ·can be utilized to the optimum· &nd sriace areas would be· ·d esigned to serve multi-functions. · The s:9acc ·.mule. i :'1.clude meeting areas, office$ . i I for counseling services, speci: llizecl service areas, and recreatior..al · facilities. J.. A neighborhood cc:1-'.:.· cr micht contain: A CAA :progra.'il componen-; i·ihich would f ocus on the organization and participation o-1' t i tc 1·csic.ents of the neighborhood. · It \. would be responsible f,n· ic1suri:nc that th~ other components of the Center work to · Ji.e i:lencfit and satisfaction of the · neighborhood. Loca l Cl.J?s mi z,.~t a l s o provide services such . as l egal a id. 2~ Recreation ·services ancl fac ilities . This might include a small outdoor recreati,m a1·ea~ •,,ith a swinnning pool when war-..canted , and a multi-·:9ur:pose gymnasium which could also be used for large gath1 ir ings) . including theatrical proa.u·c ~ions. 3. A preventative progra:.~ of healtn services which ·might i nclude a prenatal clinic, a wc:11:-baby clinic, a mental hygienic clinic and an ambul ato:·y health services clinic. 4. · An educational and cul~;ural com:9onent which would include a pre-school program o:' the HeadGtart variety, adult literacy, _special adult classes . . and drama ~ro&rams. LS well as special library, music, art l I I J �., .... 5 5 • . Employment services wot: J.c: t e an inte.zral po.rt of the Center. Information 'would be p:r0vi,;ec: 0:1 the job opportuniticz; testine; services and b ·.1:,.-::.ccl jo1) t:::.·o.ining services should be available. In additior, :::;peci:3.l jo·o oriented procra:-:is such as the Job Corps, t he I• 2ic;i'.l:orl1ooci Yoath CorJ.)s, and the Work and Training Proeram fer 91.1.blic assistance clients might also-- be coordinated t~::m::;h this part of -the Center. r 6. Assistance wi -r.11 respect to hou::;j_n:; and rc:.location should be provided in tne Center. Ict'orn:e.tion should be available on relevant local housinc r r ograms, and assistance,sha~ld be o:':fered to clients on :: ow to :i:,,prove their homes, how to ' secw.·e ·adeQuate :financi ni, and the availability .of public housing and integrated l1 ousing. 7. Family services and hchz manac0men~ is another importan~ component. Pulllic welf s.rc case wor l~crs might operate from the Center and pre ·,iicle advice and counseling to the neighborho~. Family e ricl marital counseling might be · offered as well as cons ~~er education, money management, and homemaker services. I ./ "', . .., tJ ... . SJ �. j/ , ,·/ / · •.. /- .PLANrrnrG FOR NEIGHBORHOOD PROGRA1,S . Introductioh I I i• · A neighborhood program will or~narily be one part of a larger city'W'i.de comir.unity action program. Thus questions must be asked about the city at large and the whole cor::munity action planning, along with an inquiry into the ·neighborhood. program itself'. Funds are likely to be limited so that in I:10st cases a choice of some neighborhoods must be made, either to start the city's program or to be ' . _.. -~ ' used as a. "demonstration." At the outset, reasons for preferring certain neighbqrhoods over others ( should be explored. In soce cities past social .dis"Gurbances or chronic , trouble may dictate the choice of a neighborhood for concerted social i ) · effort. There is a caveat: A city may prefer to choose neighborhoods with problems that can be dealt ·with rather quickly be.c ause succes~ . .. will be more certain and visible. Unfavo1·abh coinJ?arisons should not be made once programs a.re initiated between the more easily solved neighborhood. · problems and the knottier ones. i· The preference of one kind of neighbor- hood. over another may result from wise and responsible political. decision, ., but the basis for decisions should be understood both by the coc::ru.nity and by the federal agencies. In the attached outline we have asked a series of questions designed ·· to otter some go.tides for those evaluating neighborhood progrf!J=!S. Because these programs are so frankly ex:perimental, no such outline can provide .\ I more than a. general approach. More reliable criteria will emerge from. concrete experience with actual programs, their inevitable failures and . . ' :~_:• •:·-~·.~·~~ "'.'"'-···success~s ~• •••., .,- ·~--:-•••N'.-~~·-:~ ··." .--·-:-··.··•••·~~- •':"'--~' ,•--,.<••~~:..,;:.,-•~:"' '" ,,,-.-··-->---~-·- - ·.-:.'•·- ':, ,, - i- ~ ·· I- ...,:., . •• •• �--'-_ i-, -' 4 -=. · , ,,=-· .••,., · · ~ .. ~--·-~.·..__JI· ~-,-=,-~........ - , ___,_ .. 'c'-· __,....._ c-._.,,W __,_.......,--,..1s.... ·, . . -.............. - -. • .· ,. ·_,. ·~~· .. fe_" w ·· ·~ · . .· I . - -· ~·-· - -~ - - ,,. . ,II • . r -r . 2 A detailed knowledge of the city, the sponsors, and the over-all political context will be necessary for judg::ie_!lt. ~ each case. Still., it may be a useful exercise to try to articulate in advance so:::ie of the factors that shouJ.cl enter into evaluation, even though judgments a.re likely to be intuitive. The discussion that follows is divided into two parts: (1) criteria for defining the appropriate neighborhood; and (2) criteria for judging the substance of programs for a neighborhood. It is not inappropriate to point out that some decisions to accept or reject a proposal for neighborhood programs must be piaa.e on a primarily political basis. The Federal. progra!:l needs Congressional support and it needs the support of all the t r aditional agencies in the Executive branch / with which it must cooperate . I of any city is F1trther, the over-all political situat i on an essential i ngredient in the success or failure of a community action program and of the neighborhood program which is its natural offspri ng . This point is probably understood, if not articulated, by applicant s and evaluators alike . The f orms t o be filled out for the '. ~~pt~ - of _~ou·s·~ - &:_Ur b~ :_DevelolJ.~!1t · 'jr.ay__·· ·· set up standards and expectations., but t hey are not like aptitude t ests . A high score does not imply autooat ic admission to "school. " As long as funds a.re insufficient t o j;lermit ·:every soU!ld progral:1 t o 'be accepted., it should be understood that choices involve a variety of factors, not the least of which .is political. There is another risk. . . ·--·---·--..... The existence of complicated .forms., the pro- mulgation of standards. and the coi::J::lOn knowledge that.. choices . . .. . have to be / /·• I �made, may lead cities to imitate slavishly the type of progr8.l:l.S that have been accepted before. This could lead to rigidity -- ·a calcification which is the enemy o'f innovation and imaginative use of these special local characteristics of a city and neighborhood. Neighborhood / I , The limted experience thus far with community action programs and the longer history of settlement houses ,have led those :working with problems of organization to insist upon a small local ·area as the lowest common denominator for any new social programs. The word . ;'neighborhood" . . is used to mea:i a relatively compact geographical area and also an area which has some sort of functional cohesiveness. Before the concept of neighborhood progra:n becomes a . cliche' easily glossed over, it '!Lay be important to ask sorae questions about what may or may not be ·defined· as "neighborhood" and for what purposes. Reaching out: It is fairly well accepted now that any progra.o of social action tnl.St be broken down into local units so that it can reach out to those people who are unwilling or unable to go very far for service, either because of fear, inexperience or lack of basic skills to make use of available services, on their own. Thus the very first criterion of any_ neighbor- hood program. is that it be sufficiently local to achieve this end. Elasticity: The kind of services ottered, a.ncI ·the characteristics of the people· .- ..... . . ' - . -· .. _. :: ·--... 'I ._ ........ �~·=_--_._. ...~_-_:'"_--_:-__::-_-_...., '- _---_-_cc- ~--:-- -_.. tlo~-~ ~~A~.-- - ____ _: _-~--- .-'" • w · . _ F··· · -· . I served will affect tQe definition of "neighborhood." For example, a i. mother with a sma.ll child has a far greater physical-geographical limitation_than does an adolescent who is used to wandering the city with a gang. Could you serve them both in a neighbor center? The unit for phys- . ica1 hea1th care might be quite different from the unit for mental health care, in part because of the degree of education needed before the patient wants the services offered. A co~text of multiple services, or even ser- vices to a wide age range, indicates both elasticity of the concept of neighborhood and the arbitrariness of any definition. one center may The very fact -that offer a multiplicity of services will ~lso affect the delineation of "neighborhood." Even a single person may define his neigh- borhood very differently for different purposes -- church, school, or . . . socializing, for example. The si"t~ation becomes infinitely mo.re compli- cated when the "target population" encompasses many groups. A neighborhood may exist because of pr eexisting -services or grouping of services, for example, an eff ectively functioning settlement house wi-t h a long tradition, as in t he Nort h End, Boston, or a clinic. The Peckham Health Cent er in England created a very cohesive neighborhood for purposes . many A preex~.s.t i ng sense of community of'ten grows up because of ethnic s imilariti es or racial is olat i on. The sense of coIIII:lunity, however, may be a decept ive f actor on which to rely. An effective :preexisting service may provide a ·coI11I:1unity on which . broader services can be built and should be built. . On the other hand., . the invisible walls which create a ghetto like Harlem., create a "coI:1?:1unity; 1---,- -· ._ _ _ but.one frayed .w.;.th strife and hostility _.which may_have .to 1;,e broken down ' �- I ~ C ' • 5. into very small units to penetrate resistance that the larger cor::::rrunity reini'orces. In other words, a neighborhood has tp be a manageable unit. - If there had been trouble, hostility, delinquency ~r a high crime rate, the negative aspect of a community may argue for the arbitrary creation_ of very s~.all neighborhood units for certain kinds of services, in order that the :population ca.~ rea~ be reached and involved. Use of Personnel Affects Delineation of a Neighborhood The availability and training of the personnel to staff a neighborhood program will affect the parru:ieters of a neighborhood unit. 11,ore is meant here than the ratio of professionals to "cl.:i;ent·. ". It goes ·without saying tha.t one doctor in a clinic will serve a far-smaller population than ten. But personnel can be iI!l_portant in a qualitative sense, . as well • I ·The supporting worker can serve a.s· connective tissue ar.ong professional - -I' services. This is the worker who knows the language of the neighborhood and who is able to direct the people in it to needed services, provide follow-up, and help the person coordinate the various services that may be asser.ibled to neet his particular needs, whether welfare, medical, educational, or employment, or a combination of any or all of these, in any problem or crisis. Such personnel make ·up a psychological transpor- tation and concunication syst~~ An A store-front room may serve a block. exacyle may nake this more concrete: . In it may be neighborhood workers or urban agents who can take in.forr:iation from those on the block and steer them to adult education, eJ::ll)loyment training, work crews, mental health ' clinic, the hospital, a local lawyer, the ·hou.siog authority, etc. ~-~-- - ---~~--- of' -these services·. need -not be represented All ill -the st<;>re-tront room, but - �they must be ~ade accessible by effective workers who can coI:II:1unicate with the people ·the program is designed to serve. The urban agent be- !. coi::.es a path:f~nder for the individual in need, to all the agencies and services required. Thus the concept of "neighborhood" is in part defined by the kind of staff' available, because those who help people find their -; / ' . way through a labyrinth of services ma.1-.e the programs really accessible; I· Actual transportation is of great importance, since the inability to find one's way is so characteristic of the -·poor. Their neighborhood, for purposes, is walking radius. · Here again workers can help make exis- many ting transportation usable and therby make far-flung prog;rams accessible to a neighborhood. We have stated earlier that one varient of the definition of neighborhood is the kind of service th~at is offered. We are assuming that one goa.l i s comprehens·iveness - the offering of a group of interreJA,ted human j. services that will raise the aspirations and the opportunities of the / I 1,/ l people to be served. It is understood, then, that different services will serve different geographical areas. As pointed out, the lowest common denominator may have to be the workers who can link physically · separated services. But this is only one alternative. creation of a new instit ution designed defines the neighbor hood. There are others. For example, the t o have such great impact t hat it Consider the Comi:iu.nity School as it exists i n New Haven, Connecticut, and Flint, Michigan. They draw upon the neighbor- hood. of the families whose children attend t he school. In new Haven, Conte School is made as attractive 'f.l,th a center to~ s~nior citizens, .,..,.,..1.. .. -~ · ·- ·- -:. · ...._:. .."'_ .. _.....,_ ,,_ ',, .., .. ..... .•• -.. .....:•• .__,.._,,..,.:. _ _ __.., .......~ ...- ••:. ..-"."'........ ·· •• __ . , ... _.._ ..•.: - •.- ~· _.,:,_ ••• -- • . ~. - . . : . . . . - - - - · · .-14-• -L "i . II ,O �- . -. 3 .7 - , an auditoriun, bocci courts, a park for young mothers, and so on - that a sense . of community is created by the very fact of the institution. other neighborhood se=:vices, legal, public health, wel:fare, etc., are then brought in to this "neighborhood." the neighborhood by their creation. Other kinds of institutions may define Probabzy this is what the multi- In such cases service center in Boston (Roxbu...-J) is attempting to do. the neighborhood is geographically larger than that served by the block store-front with the "pathfinder" personnel. With a large center, staff may literally walk the streets to ·bring the people to the services con- · I . centrated in one building. - There is no a priori reason t~ prefer one I l I structure of a neighborhood program over the other. I !· i So many neighborhoods are natural neighborhoods, defined by geography; I tradition, or other boundaries that they can be seen quite readily. In ... 'the end, high deference should be given .to the local definition , of a neighborhood. However, the Office of Economic Opportunity can and should insist that the city consider the many variables, including history and I . tradition, which go into the delineation of a neighborhood unit. It should ask for careful consideration of demographic data, for detail about the ethnic background of the people in the neighborhood, the economic and educational level, employment opportunities, housing, recreation and social outlets. A well-thought out proposal is likely to be rich in this kind of.detail. - - - " ' · - - - -- -· - .--- . · ·- - ..-~ · ··~ · " · -- ~ - , . . . . . . . . .. ... • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . , . ·- · - - - ... ~ - - , ..., ,-if' .~ -, .... 1 1· .... • , , ' • •, ' I �.j -=-~ ~-=.tp--=' =:-=-:1=-·=·=·=-·==-c== =--=-=·=~c..cc··=··:.c.._~ -· ~-=r:: r:~~-·-= .--=-::::-;:.;;::_=_=_=-=.·""'t":"'=..=====c.:.._""_==__= .c~'i! "-L "' J: ' 8 THE PROGRAM ·I The substance of the program is no less i.J!;portant than the delination of the neighborhood, and must be adapted to this delineation. I • The first overall re~uirement for a.cy program is the involve:ir.ent of the people to be served in the planning and then the operation of the programs designed to serve theo. l. It is not easy to involve the inarticulate poor, for whom organization is not a familiar phenomenon, but it is possible and it is essential. One · clear goal must be to reduce dependency in all areas, ·not to increase it. . This means that arry "tender plant" of a neighborhood, organization :ir.ust I· be built upon -- a.cy indigenous leadership that is at all constructive must be involved in the planning process. \ A list of needs outlined in the program planning stage, health, education, jobs, etc. should indicate how these needs are felt by the pop~ation. It is difficult to establish criteria from Washington to assure this, but there must be some warning signal of local indifference to neighborhood participation in a program. Furtherz:iore, it is so i~- portant that if there is arry doubt, a field tr~p might be worthwhile. We can anticipate antipathy and resistance to the organization and voice of the poor • . But these are risks that must be.accepted as natural and inevitable and perhaps even welcomed as evidence of involvement. Survey of Existing Services A pr oposal should include a survey of existing socia.J. services and education., including, if possible, cost statistics and th~ ratio of -,1 • • ..:.._ __ ~ • •_ .. . . , / _ . ......... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . - ~~ - professional and supportive personnel to the neighborhood population. I It �9· would be useful to learn how accessible existing services are which reach the segnents of the nei ghborhood population. build on ;preexisting services , and i f not, Is the new plan going to why not" Often there are good reasons, but as often, a natural center for people, for exSJ:lple, a priest whose church has become a focus for inf'o:rmal social services, may be ignored and a new artif icial center created. Relations wi.th Existing Agencies In some cases there r:iay be value in by-passing existing social service agencies. In ·other cases this may be politically unwise pr unwise because of the strength of an agency. In th,e case of a strop.g well-supported agency, it is entirely possible that a neighborhood program should devel- I rI op from one di scipline or area of Iservice. For example, if the Board of Education were strong and innovative, t he idea of a COI:llllunity 5-C:~Oo_l might be the basis for t he nei ghborhood program and education . would then be t he nucleus . I f there were already a co:mnunity mental health cent er with local support, mental healt h could' be the nucleus of the community action pr ograo. Thus, in the Bronx, New York, a community action pro- gram is emerging from a mental health center out of t he Albert Eins t ein Medical School (Dr. Harris Peck) . In other citi es, t he _Youth Employment, or Opportunity Center has already become a familiar and accepted part of neighborhood and so a comprehensive program erierges with the el:!ployment or job training at its core. The judgment probably should be i:::ade "on the grou.:id." Although comprehensiveness of services riay be the ·goal, it is entirely . --·- ~-· ~--...possible·•"'t hat . ·a s ..a""beg:foni'ng 's 't ra tezy ··ror ·.i,oli ti~al; ..financial,· -or even ' �': xr::·_ ,. . 1: . ~7? · L C :i-----~--~- ---~--~:.. -. ,._. -==-=---=- L .~1 -· , · · 10 I ,1 social reasons, a si::lpler or even segi:1entalized progrru;i shotld be created. In other words, a city might want to start _with health~ education only, and slowly add employoent and perhaps much ,later deal with teenage recreation. Or, there r;,ay be an assault on the problem of teenage delinq~eccy which re~uired an across-the-board approach directed to that age group only, leaving fai:dlies and senior citizens for later. It is possible to choose to work only with the families of very young children or those children themselves, on the theory that the very young a.re the most salvageable part of the population. The reasons behind any of these or ether choices :oay have validit-J, in teros of short e.n~ I:ledill!:l range strategy, but they ,I:lust not become the excw.; e for abandoning the objective of a coqirehensive progra..~. ' \ The planned use of staff, including provision for training _should be examined carefu.1.ly. To ~hat extent does a neighborhood prograo search out indigenous workers, to what extent rely on outsiders? have connecting links to outside services been planned? plan to How A:re they suffi- cient to ma.~e all of the services truly accessible to the population of the neighborhood? Some provision should be made for working out a relationship of cooperation and connection among the traditional agencies and institutions which will either work with, control in part, or i.c:pede a neighborhood program. Friction may be inevitable, but its destructive aspect should be m nimized at the planning stage. A ;,very current exBJ:Iple of this is the creation of neighborhood legal services in liew Haven and in Washington, - - - - · -=--···r- n ~c:--±n- frew Haven, at present, ~liere·-1s ·serious opp~sit .i on °fr9m the �-_-,-_-_. ._-_~--------_-_..._-_-__ -.-.,.-~_-_ :~ . . .-O -,;~.:143.215.248.55-,.~-.. ~~-: .,_ · ,C"" .'.:'._-_-_::::::=::==::----- I,, • ll ,. organized bar which has slowed down the program seriously. In Washington, . the Bar Association and Legal Aid were involved at each step of pla.'llli~ and have thus far given strong support. Including the traditional serrice agencies in the planning process as much as possible and drawing upon their skill a:id experience may substitute cooperation f?r friction. The interrelationship of citywide or even state agencies is a question more directly related to the evaluation of· an entire community action program then for judging the specifics of the neighborhood proposal. Al.so a larger matter is the area of the whole question of information gathering and disse:crinating devices, com.~unication, data .and 9ollection, both formal and informa.J.. There are more ways of assuring effective com- munication than can be listed .here. Citywide newspaper coverage, radio, TV, are the ones first considered.1.- The functional illiteracy of many of the people who z:iost need to be reached means that person-to-:,perl:i_? n '.comI munication, and contact th.rough the places most frequented, whether bar or church, is the basis for an effect ive cor.:i:nunica.tions network that ought to be in every neighborhood picture. ~er a Prog:ram has been Accepted. The styl e of initiat i on of a pr ogram is ·something that should be r egarded with gr eat interes t . In s ome sit uations a quiet launching might be preferable t o one with fanfare. Crisis exploitation, cris i s creation, . and timing must all be con:sidered. We would want to know early what obstacles are anticipated and which obstacles are in fact faced. • ~ · - - · ·· · - - ... - · .,4 . . _ _ _ _ ·Il.1.itaracy, 1:8,ck of social cohesiveness, and · a.pa.thy r:,ay be· prevalent __a.lmost ev.e ry place that a program is co?J,templa.ted. • ••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • �' 12 I i ifaat are the plans to deal with them? l How are some of . these obstacles considered in the attempt to involve the neighborhood in Dlanning its own progra:n? f i' It is hard to anticipate whether a program will become rigid or calcified. We have already indicated the possibility that a~pllcation forms, or rumors of hard choices a:nong cities, may cause a proposing co~unity to take a "safe route." If it is made clear from the outset that all of I/ these programs are frankly experimental and that innovation is desired and that _constant feedback and evaluation, as well as program initiative at lower levels, are desirable, rigidity nay be avoided in ~ny places. I . There should be mechanisms for anticipating cris~s or resistance that may ,1- come from the mobilization of a neighborhood. •Progra.o effectiveness o:ften means the assertion or creat~on of a p@litical force which will be ' . fought. There are ways to lay the ground for significant changes, __al- though resistance or even outcry may be inevitable. The situation of the rent strikes in Mobilization for Youth and the political repercussions, raise the question of what kind of preparation might be most effective. Evaluation Plans for evaluating a neighborhood proposal must be built into the proposal from the beginning. This is a subject for another document. The whole area of comounity action is too new for us to be aware in ad- I/ I vance of the many causes of lags in progress or even failure. Feedback mu.st be rapid and constant. We would want to know who is evaluating the neighborhood program and --· . against what criteria • . Is it part of a larger evaluation scheme of a , · '/ �13 .citywide community action progrru:i? and Are there any plans to test theories conclusions against other neighborhood programs in the same and other cities? Long-range goals shouJ.d be broken down into sequenti_al. steps. tnl.St have a planning period beyond the first allocation of funds. Ea.ch But detailed plans should be worked out at shorter intervals _than overall plans and broken down in such a way that parts of a program. can be looked at separately i'rOI:J. other parts of the overall structux~. We would 'Wa!lt to know how often., what kind, and to whom reports are made; how much personal contact is there by the evaluators; how are they trea~ed at progra:;i headquarters., - ignored., exploited or self-supported? Are periodic reviews carried out? 'I Are the goals st.u.""'ficiently formulated in the beginning so that we couJ.d ask later on whether the plans were fulfilled? r -- Whether they were · SJ:1ended? How recent and bow severe and how i're~uent were the amendments? We would want to know whether the evaluation is set up in such a way that side effects could be anticipated or observed, if they occurred. We would be loath to set up any machanical criteria for judging the effectiveness of a comprehensive neighborhood program. course., each with some limited value. There are so~e, of For example, the concept of in- creasing life-long earning power, or, a reduction in _unem:plo~ent, the increase of staying power (retention) of yo\.lllg people in high school drop- I ' ·--··-· I I . outs., in illegitimate births., lowering crime r ate., family break-up, hospital admission., and so on. __ ...... ~-- · mu.st be enployed., ., Probably all of these statistical measures but each· should be.looked at quantitatively to see ' �,· I !I 14 l 1- whether, in fact, it tests the social condition we think it does. -· ample, an increase .. in employment For ex- is a good thing; but if. the -N~gr-oes continue to hold only t'lenial, lower paid jobs, the -eI.1ployment program is no success. If our goal is the tullest development of the resources and capacities of each h\.2::lan being, then we will not be satisfied with· any simple statistical measures. These will be only our mechanical sta.rting .:points. The aspirations of any neighborhood program should escalate with success • ·' ... '- / .. .-. l ...- . . .. . . .. . . . . .,_ .. . _•• • • - .._... . . . . ,. . . . . ·- · , _ , ...... . · - ··- -. . . . . . . . . .. ~ - - .. - - " .. - · ... - - , ... - _... _ ------ . .11 . . . . ... , • .,.. ·- ·- · ·· · •• • �' J . '· - / ::· ;-::'t ·.,. O' P t . . · -" ZS .L,. OUTLINE Neighborhood Programs: A. Some Questions Social Framework l. r E:::iergence of planning ·a. · In general, what conditions J.ed to the emergence of this specific _neighborhood plan? b. Who wi-ote the proposal? c. What is his (their) relation to the neighborhood? I d. Were neighborhood people involved in th~ planning? e. · I,f so, how were they involved? f. To what extent have planning concepts or methods been borroHed from other proposa1sz · g. What attempts have been made to adapt transplanted concepts to the neighborhood? I h. What is the role of tbe outside advisor iri the neighborhood planning? -· . i. 2. What opposition has there been? '·. Social and political environment a. How is the nei ghborhood defined? b. Wnat criteria were used to determine the limits of the neighborhood? -- phys ical geography? -- population to be served? --- service pr oposed? combination of above? / / I I .·· c. Has~ inventory been made? Geographic Historic. • . . . . . .. . . - • ... . • - ~ - _••• • - .. ... , • • 1. , . . . . . .. · -.- · \ �2 Demo~aphic (length of residence; population turnover; cot:II;J.uting patterns for work, play, health; education; etc·. ) Ethnic Health ?l..ental health Economic · (individual fa.mizy income; places of employment: Do dollars circulate in neighborhood or flow out, etc.) Housing · Social (num.oers and tYJ;)es of organizations, churches, neighborhood groups, etc.) F.ducation (education of people, ntl!llber and tsJl)es of schools, etc.) Power structure (fon:al and informal) . Values an.cl morale (e. g. suspicion; what ability does the · neighborhood have ,to cope with its proble:tS?) .. Mobile ability d. _ To what e..~tent is the neiehborhood dependent upon outside resources for jobs; medical care, welfare, education, recreation, inspiration? 3. What social services are now available to the neighborhood? a. What is the per capita ·dollar a.I:lount for social services? b. What is the ratio of social 'service · perso:r:i..."lel to the neighborhood population? ( B. Goal formation .... i- l. Hierarchy of goals a. What are the overriding goals .and how are lesser goals subordinated to them? b. What criteria were used to establish priorities of goals? c. · ·W'aa.t do the neighborhood people thi.Dk · their needs a.re? ., �~(J .. I ·. f· .: --::- - -·- -_,, __--· ..,., I' I I I 3 I- I d. What are the n~~ds for: Health I . F.ducation Work, jobs, inco~e . . "Skills-of-livi~" Social cohesiveness .Advocacy: .I 2. l ., legal and constl!!ler Have the neighborhood people been involved in establishing the . goals? 3. Are the programs intended to ma.~e the people less dependent and more able to cope, or are they merely hand-outs w~ich Will keep the people dependent? ' I- 4. Are long-range goals and purposes for the neighborhood specified? 5. How does this specific proposal fit into the long-rang objectives? .. , 6. Does it meet Federal criteria of desegregation? C. Decision-ma.~ing l. / I I / Institutional network a. Do neighborhood organizations already exist? b. Is there an identifiable central neighborhood authQrity · responsible f or this program? c. What is the relationship between this authority and the existing service agencies -- Federal, state, local, public and privete? d. Should this program be part of an already existing agency? / 2. Precess of decision-making a. What are the attitudes of the traditional agencies to this progra:n? b. ,Are. there ar.y institutional mechanisns for consulting other ___ .. _.... . .. age·n cies- and pressure groups ( traue unions, qhurches, business · organizations , poll ti cal pa.rties) ? What are the me·c hanisms? ·- .- . .. - -. .: ··· ·~--. -_.. -- ·- .. . . - - . - - . ·:. _ . --- -·- - - �} '-·__ ·_- _-_--·~-:::::::::::::::: '":::::: ·-:::: · :::::::~::::4,~ I· ====~-~-=-~ ~~ ._. .,_ ·=· ~~- :=::;::;±:::::: " =·· ·=·"":= ________ ------:---- = c;;... ·- 2Eb=~;;;;;;;;;;;:;~ ~ . ...... - . .. t ~- ,, - - - ~ - - - : . , _ _ _ , .,_,c.:;:-.;,,~------------,-.\..J-· .:_ ~ . ~· 4 6. Does it meet Federal criteria of desegregation? C• . Decision-~aking l. . .. ] Institutional network - a. ... Do neighborhood organizations already exist? . b. Is there an identifiable central neighborhood authority responsible for this program? c. What is the relationship between this authority and the existing service agencies-Federal, state, local, public and private? d. Should this program be ·part of an already existing agency? · 3, / /· . ./· ·/ 2. Process of decision-making . a.. What are the attitudes of · the traditional agencies to this progra=i.? b. A:re there any institutional mechanisms for • I ',1 consulting other agencies and pressure groups (trade unions, churches, business organization~, political parties)? What are the mechanisms? c. .- :. ·,. ·.. 1· . What are the mechanisms used to rec·o gnize and handle frictions among the agencies, groups and this program? ,I I d. What are the differences ·in goals and methods between this program and other agencies and groul)s? e. A:re the people involved to whom the program is addressed? t. Is the factual material on which the plan is based accessible to the public~ g. To what extent is pJ.annixig and decisionmaking public? ·, • ·. · ~ .- ·---· ·- ... - . -.-.,. .. . ·-..., . . ........ ·~ l _ ·.. I. \ . . . . . . . .... ... ~._... .., . . ,. ., ... _- · :·. - ·-,. ~ ·. - . , .,... .... . - - --- _j_ �-- - . ·- - ·- ~'.: ·- - - '!: ..___ : U ~ J :. ,> . ·:·.' ·,~- . . -~-~ ::.__ ) I ' .. · ·.. •: -- c c:.-~r::-t·:~""tr1·:CE Gi·J !IOr5I(,iG FO~ THF; P00I{ EUD n:1d o::o i:m ulcl invite t w.:.n ty of the 1.i.oct kno;.;ledgct1.ble pc.opl_e in the fi eld c,Z hou3in3 the p oor , to .:a. t •.10- day C O'.'l:::°C;'.'~ncc . The c.ceting is for c o:·,t.ul t.o.tio::i. ead the public "1 i ll not be i'cw:l.t:ucl, althou zh oth.:-:r Fcdcrel 1,:g2ncf. es '!:tc purpose of this c01:i.fo:.:-r.cncc i s t o evaluate . tho fccsibi li ty of provici i~~-t~ y c:lr.:; , .::t ~rices tt,lo poor C'.:.n ~ffo:-d . 1-J ~ er-~ secl-d113 from this confcren.(..e (l) eco:10.ni-: .:nd :.-:;ucial tc:i:w ; and (2) identif ication of il lte;..1Et ivc pt·ogr.:1.ms o~ housing o·.r.: il.r,blc f or the 3.3 r.1illion r,,o or · househo l d:3 b 1.<, t i1ould otherw i r;e occU?Y substand~rd or overcrowded u~it ~ cy 1970 . }!-::re specifi cally thcr~ will be c.n idcntifica.tioa oi the obstucies involved cutU:v:d . Tbe c onf f~ rencc will i::,(;! c entered nrott-id f:l.ve issues: '"rd/or cle,n ~nce arc n.,::;cds;:d; the cozl.:.s involved ; capjb ility of occup~~tt:: to r,sy; present locc1t1ons of subct~nd.1rd c:nits; oo-.uposition o:Z occupcnts by l"c.1c ~, avtil ilClbility of lsrd; .nr<:l1it ,i ctural end city planning concerna; th-3 t e -::rmolo.;- ica l problem~ and opportunities of a lar~e-Dcale buildins and ~ebuil<lin3 �. " ()(I ,.:' .. V • · ..... ___. • . , .... .. _. ·) p:C,J2;i•o:n; t t~ d1i1it:i C:S nf C,,i;;ting er prO?OS·~ d inGtitutions (fii.,,.:nc:e, (1) to achtc.J(.! die c r:,nccrr.plrlted voh.n~ in five ye~n:·s , ,m<l (2 ) indus try .nnd conrit::ructicn cost:, ; t ht:i effect on the v.:i lues end c o~·~d il: icn of 8Ci sti~'l.~ houGin3 c.nd n,3i2,hb orhoods; cfficie.ncies thti.t might r esult frc::.1 a iinZtnc ing the; prosr~mn . 4. Th:~ Soc 1;:i 1 Issues . The questions of gh~tl:oizing or de c ent.re lizin3 t he counseling .:ind bnck-up scr.v ic0:; i-cquircci; t he proble1':'\S of inst~ 1.U.n::, .n n,c :-;n:::; to this housing . o f pro gra;.·,s ; the nu·::Dcr of units to be ck:vclopcd :E::o~.i er.ch pro2,r::.:·::1; th.:: To t~kc tl11s .a wor.::;.:h ile cc..-1 £crcnce., so t h!l t ell p.:lrt1 cipc..i.t;5 ,-:. re t •. 11:i.:~c •, 0~o t 1Jo• b.our scosi on r.11 ll oe. dcv·:.:tcd to f'...;';.Ch cf. the fi r s t fou r p:;t"t icipont 1n each :Held \JO'~ll cl out line .nnd chair e zdt s e.::;s ion . each punel ~ill ~a C~'PC~tcd to cubsequontly prepare a suri:;;.iary. c.11-c.c?.rj o.: Tb.:1 i~~o -·1:;:..ato4-· ct � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document , 1fr liSiP £ST WESTERN U NION. M>V 23 e56 lJES2TtJ DE W.A034 lMff' GOVT PD TRE WRITE 1DUSE VASHIMGTON DC 23 Nn sma, J>ONT DD ATllc NEW YORK UMABlt.lTATtOM TOUi SET FOR SUMDAl', U/2T/.S. MElT AT fflffE t>1 NI$• CAIOL HA t:fSD\\Jit ,IQ CDrrRA L PARE i · SOUl'H, PRO PIPTL.Y AT f.lOO '·"· Kl:Ef IHG ON NOffftBD as, VlU. • IN WASlJI~TON AT lOtOO .t.K.,. IDOM ~f.l, EIECUTl9.E OJ'rJCE BIJILJ>JNC:. SECRETARY mvn TO l'ID:T 1JITH GIO'UP !l>NDAY EYllUN~, , TO «ioo p.,. MON U'AN AWN, d~EA~ 1 270 ( 1-5 1 ) /if~ �-LW ~ ATlMffA GA JIM 20 19$7 MR~ MIii 11!0~~ -exte·-~en r- kX F JT TOUR TELECP..#>\ Jute l"O MAYOR idt,LEk ATLA ?.Q TO Rt CHARD C LE.NE THE Wt TE ~~ VA"'-"fUft;TOH DC I~ U~l.tV.:REl). Wt; t-f~E BEEN UNABt! N LOCAT"E flO'!)RI!.~~ COUL1'.t YOU Ary\ff~ ~AT nEJtAR™EtfT. t~ WiTH. WE!fT'EfflJl UlH 'Jet JA. l ~100 EXT 266 .......::··...c., <" . - () ' / . ._,.;;r 1270 ( 1·5 1 ) --:..~ ~ .J'/' ;.,"' :....,.._.., , •. �ATLANTA, GEORGIA PHONE 522- 4463 7 FORM 25-6 �Some addition8l inf ormation on t he Ribicoff Hearings From the Desk of ArDee Ames l ,, ·-·· ... - --- - - -·.·· ,_. - - . . . .,.. - - · -··---- .. �From the Desk of ArDee Ames �From i::he Desk of ArDee Ames Some additional clippings on the Rib icoff He arings. �From the Desk of Ardee Ames �- SENDING CALL LETTERS FJT 11/16/ 66 CHARGE rn UNION BLANK Mayo r I s Office , 20 6 City Hall ' Mr. Ardee Ames The White House Washington, D . C . MAYOR IVAN ALLEN, JR . WILL ATTEND THE TASK FORCE MEETING ON NOVEMBER 19th .AT 9:30 A . M. Mrs. Ann Moses E x ecutive Secretary Send the above messa ge, subiecl lo the terms on back hereof, which are hereby agreed to PL EASE TYPE OR WRITE PLAINLY W tT HIN BORDER-DO NOT FO LD 1269- (R 4-55) �I L:. MESSAGE T KE BY THIS COMPA IV A ES ECT T T .E FOLLO GT MS: CLASSES OF SEP.VICE DOMESTIC SERVICES INTERNAT!ONAL SERVICES f'ULL RAT£ (FR) TCLCGRAM Tb •,. t :. J.Jm tic 1tn·1:-e. Th r I t o, f'na rr< C"·I tu Htoro.w, lcttt- iv r; t & r lowlJlfii: morn1n,. tr, le '.\1 r tie t .,,_ 'P."Ti:t o In c:O..!e, c!phrr. or In :tD)' ltma'UACO es, �WESTERN 1'5P EST NOY 15 66 1F171· OEA,'4 OE WA069 QOYT FD WUX THE WHITE MOUSE TfASHitGTON OC 1,- Pf'T HON~BLE IVAH ALLEN,. DOMT DVR IUYM ~ - A'ft.ANTA GA ATLA ,/ / I TM£ S.EC<WO rtt£T1~ OF TKC TASK F"ORC£ YIU. BE HEt.O ON NO'tfEMBER 19.19"-IN JlOON "44, UEauTIV£ CFF'_IC£S Wn.Dlflll• 1Tl"J~ &: PENNSYL¥A~IA AYE• 8£Ql'NftINQ AT 91,0 AeKe / MO££ AIits l411f .. -; ~:'al- • -· - · - /. �u p ropc TELEGRAM R. W . Mc FA LL PRESIDENT 14 lP EST DEC 12 66 AF1~7 SYB280 SY WA270 GOVT PD WUX THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON DC 12 1153A EST HON IVAN ALLEN, MAYOR, DONT DWR ATLA MEETING ON DECEMBER 15, WILL BE IN WASHINGTON AT 10100 A.M., ROOM 4.44, EXECUTivt OFFIC[ BUILDING ARDEE AMES (56) SF120l(R2-65) �19 0 .::0 0 c:, ~ - -· __, ' l> I\) $ -f "'O s: C) "3 z .... 0 c- 8 14 4 ) �C. Memorandum TO : Date: November 17, 1966 Paul :1. 'lvisaker Proj ect/No. : Q\ · Ezr - · re ·rant z Subject: Area of emphasis f or _1\fhi t e House Task Force on the Ci t y In tryi ng to \ r ite a l et t er in response to your reques t at t he fi r s t tas k f or ce meeting , I - ve 'ecome i mpress ed by t hee tent t o whic the maj ority of the problems tat ,e tal · about today have be r evi wed over and over again in t he past. On mos t of thes e I am r elatively inexperienced , and rathe_ t han t r ying t o s et out a gra .d f rar.iewoT. on al l oft e proble. s that we shou l d t ry t o deal with , I would like to co c nt te o. o, pa ti cul ar area whi ch I feel very str ongly about . T·.e Federal GoverTu~ent spons o: s a great deal of research i n city pr oblems , s ome of it a cade~ic, and the bul · of it practical . Neither benef its substanti al ly from t he other . ~- eor i cal study o= t he city conc e. t ates various l y on urban growth and f or m, soci al ecology, or the plani ng process, , aking litt l e cont r i bution to t he unders t andi ng of action pol i c ies . Proj ects are deve l oped on an ad hoc basis to meet a comproise a~o .g the exp essed eeds of t hei mor e voca l constituent s ; the out come i s fre uently wide of t he first objective and t here i s seldom any attempt to show how it got t .ere . Te z a Le o co tro led experim nt s i n t he f ield and l ittle cumulat i on of evide ce . 4 Performance in both the academic and pr actical area s of urban s t udies could be improved by p::-ov::.ding a bridge bet ween the t wo ki nds of work . I sugges t that a portion--pos ibly 2%- 5%- - of eve_y Feder al progra directly or remot ely aff ect ing t he city be cornm~tted for exp rimental work , and that thes e experi ment s be conducted under t. e diTect·on of an interl ocking body whi ch wou l d repres ent and s erve all the affett ed Federal agenc ies, State and local ofx icials where appr opriate and repre sent atives of industry , labor and the academi c communi t y . In addition to performing ( 1) res arch and (2) experi ent al projects, thi s body could: · (3) pTovide policy coordination between agencies, (4) serve s a c learing hous e f or information on regu lar and exp erimental programs of the linki ng agencies, and for consulting services i n r esearch and planning , (5) direct cont act research fo r other publ ic and non-prof it bodies . By: 120 Broadway San Franc isco, Ca li fo rnia 94111 Phone 415 434 3830 �Page two These _pe::i .1 e .ta l progrc:.1s Nould :. eviell the effect of possible changes in codes, ~ or practices , ma:ket organizat i o and many other aspects of our work in c.:.ties Khich affect cost and erJ..or-1ance of our physica l structures . We would equa _ly be co .cer .ed with t he relation or people t o one another , t· ,e i .troduct·on of social s ervices, and the development of nei ghborhoods . By structu ing the -- eri : ental prog·ams, i t should be poss ible to develop a data base which wou d enable future decis.:.ons to be made on major programs for the city on bctte .:.. fo _ ation t han we ave today . Givei. sue a means of coordina·~ion, Federally sponsored urban studies could be st uctured .:.n a planned, cu ulative s equence, co. tribute reliable experimental evide ce, ru~ p~ovide a sound bridge between a cademic and practical sttidy in the fie d . I hope that a1. .ot stressing a point of view on a single subject too strongly fo _ t .e first go- r ou d . Ezra Ehre ·rantz �.., EVtE ~VDl\Y U1 tEll}J:r' ,;~c; tr/~r; ,,, · life is a relentless. search for it." In analyzing this coexistence of the p a thological and the healthy, Lewis gives considerable precision to a term th.at he originated: the "culture of poverty." And he provides some im· ~:; JeH::HAEL HARRINGTON portant · theoretical insights of con~ VIDA" is unquestiona bly one siderable relevance to some of the . of the most important books political debates going on in America published in the United States today. this year. It is a shat tering account E ssentially w hat Lewis does is to of three g ene rations of the Rios famincorporate two of the m<?st popular ily in the slum!? of San Juan and the oversimplifications about the poor Puerto Rican enclaves of New York. into a complex idea. On the one hand, M:uch of it is told in the tape-recoro.ed. there is the belief that the impoverwords of the s ubjects themselves. The ished h a ve been sp ared the corrupbook is iin large p a rt, as Oscar Le,,is tions of a fflu ence and are ther efore says, "a picture of family disruption, a potential source of social r egeneraviolence, brutality; cheapness of life, tion. The e..-xtreme version of this lack of love, l a ck of education, la ck thesis is the idealization by Frantz of m edical facili-ties--in short, a picF anon (a uth.or of "The Wretched of ture of incredible d eprivation the efthe E a rth") of the "people of the f ects of w hich cannot be wip ed out s hanty t owns" as the creative and in a s ingle gen eration. This Zolaesque revolution ary force of the secon d h a lf r eal1ty emerges from a Puerto R ica n of t11c century. In America n terms, society i n w hich -the is la nd average tl1e B lack Power ideologis ts are makir.come per person -r ose from $120 to ing a similar claim for the victimized i1-<1 0 betv,een 1940 and 1963. inhabitan ts of the N egro g h etto. And The casual, m a tter- of-fa.ct des cripon the other h and, there is the view tions of s oc ial h ell itha t -abound in that p overty h olds only. rlegrada tion. "La Vida" arc sometimes s o appalling T h e compassiona te p artisans of this tha t t he m iddle-class r eader ·is in view believe that they must h elp t he d a nger of be ing overwhelm ed. How, passive and defeated poor who ca nexactly, does h e assimilate t o his exnot h elp themselves, while the reacp erience the r eminiscence of a cript ionaries believe t hat the slum d wellpled child who tells of h aving played ers " got tha t way" because they the " game" of pros titution ? But ,then wanted to a nd lacked Goldwaterit e three of the m a j or chara cters in this virtu es of thrift and ent erprise. book actually worked at the profesLewis's definition of the cul t u re of sion for a period, and one mother poverty r eveals t he h alf-truths and ent ertains h er children by singing- la rge falsehoods behind these contra"dirty" songs. 1\.fo~ conventionally, dictory myths. Those w ho dwell in yet still not quite what the middlet his subculture d o not "belong·• to class reader is u sed t o, t he five cen t ral any of the institutions of the larger figures of "La Vida" have a lready h a d socie ty. U n employment and unde ra t otal of 20 m a rriages (17 of t h em employment make t hem mar ginal in consensual unions, 3 of them legal) t he la bor marke t ; they d o not j oin and they are clearly not done y et. political parties ; t hey spend rather Nevertheless, in a probing introducthan save, and pay more for inferior tion Lewis a r gues tha t ther e are in m erchandise s ince they do not have t h ese lower depths certain strengths. access to cheap credit a nd don't shop There is a fortitude and res ilience in in supermarkets ; am~ so on . N ow the Rios family, and its members a re there are, and have been, ·poor people capable of great kindness despite the who did "belong." There are prin1brutality of their circumstan ces. itive and utterly impoverished tribes "Money and m a terial possessions," he w hich nevertheless possess an intewrites , "although important, do not grated and self-sufficient culture. And motivate their major dccL<;ions. Their various American immigrant groups, deepes t need is for love, and their mos t notably the Eastern Europe.an J ews, came to tl1is country with inMR. HARRINGTON is the author of "The tact t raditions that protected them Other America" and "The Accid ental from the extreme social and spiritual consequences of being poor. c~ntury." LA VIDk A Puerto Ri~ n Family in the Culb.trc of Poverty-San Juan and New Yorl By O scar Lewis. 669 PP· New Yori: Random House. $10. , LA r ! r L L �EVERDAY HELL - NEW YORK TIMES - 11-20-66 Myrdal was thinking along these lines when he said that the underclass of the affluent society ls a "non-revolutionary proletariat"), and it v.ill disappoint all the romantic expectations from Fanon to Black Power and back. And yet, as Lewis emphasizes, the very absence of regular institutions v.ithln the culture of poverty forces the people to crea te their own associations and values, in order to survive. The (Continu ed on Page 92) Thus, Lewis's culture of poverty a. very specific and unique phe• nomenon. It occurs in societies in is 2. which the cash economy and rapid change subvert the old ways and a· group is left behind without either money or even a hungry solida1ity. People .inhabiting the culture of poverty. then, are "out of it," and their life is the experience of a disintegration. This is the profoundly egative side of being poor (Gunnar r I l •:!l . L__ . ' __ _.:, ·o .:. ·:' --- - - -.- ' _:,· --";r-:...... .:··-::~ ::, - . ,• i_. • ... . . •• • t / -.;. ~ '1 ! r L-~--, r_. ,, · 1\ i L,,_...._._..., -'----'.....,__,__ ·- -:, . r _;; ... ~:-_~.:..: .. __;; r--..... . l t · . • • ,_·_ ,'_ 1 C ~ �.EVERDAY HELL - NEW YORK TIMES - 11-20-66 .. 3. ..; Kenneth Clark has described: greater than his estimate; I would not refer to the bureauproblem Is, the middle-class the police succeeded in break- cratic, collectivist system of visitor from the l\Iars of the ing up the violent gangs, that Communism as "socialism"; I do larger society will often not moment was the start of the not think that there is a "sorecognize this social ingenuity, narcotics plague. The comfortcial-work solution" to poverty even ·when he comes face to able white could not underin America a ny more than irr face with it. stand that the gangs were a the Third ·world. But I have For example, the marriage social invention as well as a concentrated on my agreements patterns - or more precisely, police problem. Their destruc- with Lewis (which fa r outthe endless succession of con- tion created a ',vacuum that was weigh the disagreements an:;,w ay) because I think "La sensual unions - in the tRios partly filled by heroin. In any case, Lewis is quite Vida" . is one more brilliant family will strike most rea ' e rs , right to understand the culture demonstration of the validity as cllaotic. Yet the m en, wit hof poverty as a dialectic of and profundity of the m ethod out jobs, income or property to pass on to their offspring, see strength and weakness in which L ewis has pioneer ed: the m eno point in getting involved in the desperate need to survive ticulous des cription, and t apesimultaneously brutalizes and recorded self-depiction, of the legal entanglements. And the women fear being tied to men provokes a certain dignity into daily life of a single yet archetypical family of the poor. who are often immature a nd un- life. If these people a r e· not a And finally, for all of the reliable-a nd by r efusing to give fount of revolutionary purity, Ule f a thers of their children the neither a r e they an inert m ass grea t interest of Lew is 's introduction, the emotional force of legal status of h u..s'bands, ·they . to be m apipula ted, "s ocial-engin eered" or nights ticked for "La Vida " comes, of course. m a intain a s tronger cla'im on their own good. For when po- from the Rios f amily itself. the child ren if the col!ple sepa- litical and social hope pen e- The poor, I ha ve long f elt, rates. From the p oint of view of tra tes down into the culture needed a novelis t m ore than the slwn there is a very real of poverty, as h appened with a statistician-and Lewis has logic h er e; it is barely appa rent, the Southern Negro dur ing the p roved once a gain tha t p erhaps thnn'!h t o the 'OU ts rl~r w ho h :>..s last decade, the la tent nobility they are the ir own best novelists. The Rios f amily m akes n ever h ad to cope wi th the k inds surfaces, a nd, if it cannot of ,p roblems which confront the transform m odern society, it . the dialectical concep t of the Rios fam ily every day. still m akes a disproportiona te culture of p over ty unbea ra bly It is f rom t h is va n tage p oint . contribu tion to social chan ge real; the world which they describe is intolerable and their tha t Lewis can s ee the neigh- and the common goood. r eminiscences should m ove a borhood gang as a "considerI h ave, to be sure, some quesable advance" over t he m on! tions and r eserva tions about s tone to t ear s. Yet U:!ey have n ot been overwhelm ed; they r av.aging d espairs a n d anomie aspects of Lewis's discussion . I tha t can be found in the cul- think t hat the number of Amer- h a ve a capa cit y t o a ct on t heir t ure of poverty. One r emembers icans who live in the culture own behalf that demands libof p overty, and are poor, is eration, not n obles se oblige. the fea r\ul case in point that (Continued from Page 1) in Harlem in the 1950's when I IL r \ �THE WALL STREET JOURt'l\JAL - NOVEMBER 18, 1966 GOP on the Offense P\,evived Party Seeking ~1ore Positive In1age \;\Tith. 'NeYV Fecieralisn1' l\1ore Local, State Activity With Federal I-Ielp Is Goal; Beating LBJ to the Punch? But Unity l\Jay Shatter by '68 By JOSEPH W. B t a,ff R ep orter of S ULLirA N T H E "\\' ALT, STREET Jot:RN.\L WASHINGTON - Congressional R epu blica ns are b eginni ng to fl ex thei r n,ew p ostelection muscles. And like th e ex-weakling in the tra ditional beach scene, they're getting a n exhila r a ting f eeling tha t they can outfight the "big bully' ' - in t his case L yndon J ohnson. This n ew optimism is not based on prospects for r a mming through s pecifi c GOP-sponsor ed · legisla ti on in a Congress s till dominated by the D e m ocr a ts . R ather, t he R epublicam p la n to seize the lniti a live in polit ical thinking fr om their foes and bui ld a posit ive image for themselves. At bottom, there's a sense tl1at momentum : fro m last week's big elec.tion gains m ay en- , able the GOP to break loos e from its long defensive s tance in Congress. By qui ckly advancing a n ew political motif of their own, R epublican lea de rs, especia ll y in the House , hope to shift th e public focus away from the standard _ meas ure of th e past generation: Na m ely , h ow li beral or cons ervative is the GOP 's stand on Democra tic we lfare prog rams . With the l!l68 Presidential election in mind, moreov er , th ese Republic;m strategis ts t hink t hey ' ve hi t. on a theme th a t ca n uni te p arty liber a ls such as New York's Sen. J acob J a vits , midd le-roaders such as Gov, Geo rge Romney of · Michigan and conserva ti ves such as iroYernor-elect Rona ld R eagan of California, Goldwa te r Goa ls , Re,·ers3 neasons In capsule form, th e e m e rging strategy consis ts of pursuing m a ny of U1e goa ls Ba rry Goldwa ter ad,·oca ted in his 1961 Presidentia l bid but r evers ir.g th e reasons for doing so. T he objec t w ill still b e a mu ch bigge r rol e for stale and local goYernm ent and private enterp rise in comba ting the country's. ills . But Instead of invoking th e need "to pres eHe the tried and t rue rnlutions of the p a st," the stre~s will be on " mod ernizing ' ' and " energ izing" gove rnm enta l s tructure:, to cope with the rohle m s of th e future. And ins lPad of leaving a n Impression tha t they WOllld disman tl e pa rts of th e F ede ra l Go,·ernment, the GOP s lrate-_ giE<ts in Cong r ess intend to project a vita l role for Washi n;;ton-i n pumping ba ck ils re,· enu e., t o _the sb, te,, in prnmo li ng interslatP com pact,:; to d e~ ! with r egio.nal problfm s a nd In fos tering " Com ~~ t-s tyJ,, ' corporations to enlis t p r ivate· ente rpr ise in the wa r on poverty. . "We a im to turn . t he political frame of referenc e in this country upside down, " dec l':1.res one of' the mos t act i\'e of th e youthful H ouse GOP " acti vi:;ts" who helped inst;;J l Rep. G erald F ord of j\Iichigan as House ::IIinori ty L ea der two years ago. "CrNling n ew techn iq ue:; a nd p roviding ne w r esources for . local ities to take t he governmental lead is goi ng to b e th e progressive course, and r eliance on an eve r-growing F ederal bur eaucracy \\ill b e the hid e bound, r eactionary approach." SeYeral Possiblo ::'IIoves To exploit th e election's stimulus, House GOP lead ers hope to m ove r a pidly on several front3: As the corner, tnn~ n( (l,Pi r ,jnme.,.ll2-..E!o· ram, thev' r e toil in~ t0 prepare a blueprint for a Ju mp-sum. nn -strin"~·~tt:Jche <i1stribut ion of Fprlpp[ re,·P n11Li,Q_ thP ~t~tes. After years of tal king 1,·islfully about such a sche m e (along " ormer J ohnson economic a dvi s er Walte1 H eller ) they fin ally h ave in h and a detail ed drait that was p repared on com m; ssion by a B rooking3 Imtitulion schola r, Rir'.h· ·arct Na tha n. This plan would p;.imp out t o the states a s pec ifi ed p ercenla ge of Federal income ta x collections-perhaps 2',c. or 3% initia ll y. T he distiioution for mula would b e weighted to favor poorer· st:iles, pro,·ide bonu:; money fo r state:; m a king the greatest reYe nu e-rais ing effor t of th eir own , and earmar k 5% of t he · I fu nds for adm inistrative u ses to "i mproYe the l eadership a nd o,·e rall policy form ula tion rol e of slate go,·ernment. " - As a way to get a n opi_nion-holding jump on the D emocr a ts , there 's ta lk of p r esentin;,; a R e publican ' !State of the Union" message fn a dvance or i\[r . J ohn:son 's. Last· J anua ry Mr. Fo rd and St'na te llrinority L ead.er Everett D irksen or Ill inois man aged t o g et a h a lfnou r of na tional television t ime to r espond to t he P r esid ent' s annual discourse. But several top strategists now b elieve t he party's n ew , offensive postur e would best be drama tized by going first. There's a lso strong , surprisingly widespread se ntim ent in these Cong res sional c ircles fo r sharing the la Iking-ti me with one of the GOP 's progre.ssiYe go,·ernors, p er haps J ohn Love of Colorado or Dani el Eva ns nf Washingto n, 11 s a 1-ym bol of a part y comm itm en t to greater state-level \'ita lity. As a devic e to make th eir n ew th em e stick in t he public mind, party hands are g roping for a ca t chy s loga n. In a ta lk yesterd a y to t he Nationa l Confrrcnce of Sta te Legislative Lea ders h ere, the Hous e GOP's No. 2 m a n, ?l[elvi n L aird of Wisconsin, m a d e a tentative mo1·e to preempt one of ::,.rr. J ohnson's 0\\11 concoctions : "Crea tiv e federa lis m." I n urging the sta t e legislators to p romote " a clim a te in America t hat enh ance:, and encour ages creat i1·ity and s olution-finding a t the sta te and l ocal le,·el," h e procla imed th a t "history can yet r ecord t hat th e d ecade of the 1960s was th e period in which Am ericans r ededicated th emselves to t he attainment of n ew heig hts . . . -t hroug h a creative federalism that kept in step with mod ern t imes." )Ir. Joh nson' s \ Yea pons 1 How m uch hea dway the GOP ca n m a l-:e under a ny s logan r em a ins to be dete rm ined. D espite D em ocra tic Cong r essiona l los~e.•, possession of the " 'hile Hou ·e still gi1·es Presid ent J ohnson abundant resources for blunting the GOP th rus t. He could s et a sombe r, wa rti me tone for the coming Cong r essiona l session a nd ri dicule any GOP re,· enue-~haping plan a s the he ight ·- -of fis ca l foll y a t a ti me of o,·erriding n eerl . to finance Vietnam fi ght ing and to fi gh t infla- ! [ �THE WALL STREET JOURNAL - NOVEMBER 18, 1966 GOP 011 the·Offense: Party H opes -'New_F.ederalism' _Will Help .Image· Conti1med From Pa.ge, 01111 lion- at home. Or he might str ive. to persuade the· electorate tha t he's better at "creative federalism" tha n the GOP, by pointing to such steps as a grant of broad latitud_e_ to the states In · use of Federal public h ealth funds and efforts fo tailor the n ew "model cities" slumrebuilding program to each locality's special needs. Or ll<fr . . Johnson could .deride the Repubffca.n . offensive·_ as warmed-over G·o ldwaterism, impradical for dealing v,ith today's complex urban problems. · · Within Congress, moreover, Democrats still hold the seats of power; · by ·pushing bllls to provide fund s for Great Society programs which the GOP opposes, D emocratic leaders could make the Republicans once a gain look 1lke ' '.aglnners." · Nor is there any certainty that GOP forces wlll get or s tick together on the course now projected. While 1\-Iichigan's Gov. R omney Is currently jus t as bent as Congressional pa rty leaders on enlarging the sphere of state and local government, h e could well d ecide n ext s pring that Immedi ate n eeds, say, !or F ederal s chool construction funds outweigh any dis tant commitment .to an alterna te, tax-reba te pla n tha t can't be implemented until the GOP 1·egains control of Cong ress. Jockeying for the GOP Presidential ·nomina tion . also could precipitate a. party spilt. Romney m en akeady 1mspect Messrs. Ford and 0 Laird of private colla boration with form er Vice President Richard Nixon, and at some point this could provoke a Romney denunciation · of their )egislative course. Within Cong r ess, ·too·, the GOP's old -liberal vs. conse rva tive animosities could boil up at any point. · For now, though, the Congression_a l GOP appears more n ea rly united on a course of action than at any· point in r ecent · years. 'When I ca me back to ·washing-ton after · the election, I was fully res igned to hea r the conservatives ta lking up th e r eturns as a mandate for· putting a )egisla tive blockade on everything," relates one self-styled House . GOP moder ate. "To my delight, though, many of them were just as r evved-up a s I am to launch a .P,rogram ol our own... ' " .,. - '. . Commlltees nnd Cohesion Organiza tiona l and s ta U build-ups la unched two years ago have played a big part in fostering ,this cohesion. In the House , a GOP planning and research committee has r eached consensus on numerous ppsit!on papers, _m any ol them developed with academic help. In addition, the new R epublica n Co-ordina ting Committee h as brought toge ther Congressional leaders , fiv e G.OP governors, the party's form e1; Presidentia l nominees and National Cha irm an R a y Bliss for numeroi.1s s kull S(?sslons a nd p os ition-charting. "After t wo years of sitting n ext to George R omney at the Co-ordina ting Committee m eetings, we find ourselves agr eeing on practically everything tha t comes up," r em a rks R ep. John Rhodes ol Arizona, cha irma n of the House R epublican P olicy Committee , who's generally considered a n ardent Goldwater conser.va tlve. · Moreover ,. the p ar ty's cap ture of 47 more 1 House s eats solidifies th o position ol Hous e I GOP Leader Ford and gives him more !ree_dom for t aking the Initia tive ; incoming fresh· · m en lawmakers, by all ·Initial s oundings of ' Ford m en, ·are mostly quite r eady to follow · the leader who h as helped to brighten the party's face. "If we'd only picked u p 20 sea ts or so , J erry Ford would be looking over his shoulder every tim e h e m ade a move, but now he's in position to get together with Ev Dirksen on a Sta te-of-the-Union plan, say, and then sail _right ahead with it," calculates ·one senior House R epublica n who opposed :Mr. Ford's leadership bid two years ago. The " Gener a tional Gap" In the Senate, th e arrival of such engaging fac es and articulate voices as those ol TIil· nois' Charles P ercy, Oregon's 2\rark Hatiield and Massa chusetts' Edward Brooke m a y be worth more tha n all the organizational and t actical Innovations combined. " Most o! the \ thlngs, we're ta lkit)g about are aimed in es- 2. sence 1tt meeting the so-called ge1:era ti or.al gap. And I , for one, think the big bloc of younger, unaligned vote rs ls _g oing to Identify just as much ,~ith a Percy or a. Hatfi eld as : a Bobby Kennedy," · asserts one seasoned r House hand. 1 ·when it cori1es to legisla tion lnu;ediately : at ha nd, the GOP probably ,~ill go strong for ;, curtailing F ederal spending to deter Inflation. · Ma ny pa r ty liberals, as wen · as conse rvatives, hit hard on ·tnis theme during their · ca mpaigns. There should be general agreem ent ·o n curbing such "lower-priority" programs ·a s r ent subsidies, the national teacher corp3 and highway beautification as ,veil' as ·resis ti11g any major expans ion o( school or antipoverty aid. 1 "I'm ecnfident I ca n Identify S5 billion or so to ·cut 1:iy breakfas t-time the. morning a fter Johnson's budget comes up," s ays a s enior m ember of the House Appropriations C<;>mmittee. · · -/ Aside from such bipartisa n un derlakings as raising Social Security benefits or overhaulin;; the cli-aft, GOP lawmakers don' t see much imm ediate chance of actually framing i-najor legis1acion. As various Grea t Society programs come up for extens ion, though, there's _hope for us ing the pa rty's added voting power to . give s tates and localities a bigger rol e. In the c·a se of F ede.r al s chool aid , which comes u·p for r ene,,:al In · 1968, current thinkin;_;- is lo press for · giving coi-n mun lties much more leeway to s et iheir owa priorities. As for r c\"enuc-sha ring with the states , ! ew Republica ns entertain a ny serious hope of getting such a program .of: the ground in the next two yea rs. "We'll hold out rcvenue-shar- , ing as the first order of bu~in ~~s a fter we 1\ r e;;ain control of Congress In 196 ', ·· s ays a lop party planner. . ..,.. �,~ uHHH uld HUI V0L0 THE NEW YORK TI MES - NOV. 19, 1966 W!DE_SCHOOL PLAN ., I 1/~o,1-a;-4ci(\-, Seeks to Help the Poor by · Making Permanent the Gains of Heaci Start By HAROLD GAL Sp~c lal to The ~ e·1-.· York T!mes WASHINGTON, Nov. 19Sa rge nt Shriver has proposed a broa d program to help unde rprivileged child ren retain the gains th ey make in the Government's H ead Start proj ec t. The direc tor of th e Office of Economic Oppo rtu nity, which admin[sters the program for prekind ergar ten children, warned th a t the p resen t elementary school system was "critically inadequate to mee t the needs of children of pove rty." He . urged educators across the · country to do the following: · l,iProvide one teacher for every 15 children. (]Utilize new sou rces of educational manpov:er, such as teacher aides, "subprofession, als" and volunteers. CjEstablish a program of t utorial assista nce in which older ' students from high schools and college would take part. GEs tablish neighborhood councils and community associations, outside of parent-te ac her groups, Uiat would get paren ts involved i n the activities of every public sc!iool. t;Provide an adequate supply of all necessary supplies, including toys and film s, and make broad use of electronic learnino- : ai ds. "' : c:l l nitiate prog ra ms to "train : "childhood development spe- : cialists who wou ld work exclu- : sively in ea rly primary grades, diagnose obstacles to a child's progress and p!·escribe help by other professions, s uch a s psychologists, sociologists and reading specia li sts. Mr. Shriver put his proposals forward in an addre;;.s yester - 1 day before the opening session i of the · annual meetino- of the ' Great Cities R esearch° Council · at the Pfister Hotel in :Milwa ukee. The sessi on was a ttended bv i top ed ucational officials and I other leaders from . the 1 larg- ~ est cities in the lJnited States. Mr. Shriver spoke from notes, and the official text of his re- I marks was made public in I 1 \\'ashington today. T he Shriver program: which he called Project Keep ::\Ioving, I teacher f or every 15 children; ?>Ir. S-hriver said that puttin<> teacher's aides and other adult; in to the class room could m a.t- e 1 J foZ:. any. failure to achieve a l-ta-1.:> ratio. He urged that the neighbor- · Continued From Pa o-e 1 C 1 7 hood be dr3:wn into the school 0 • ____ ,, , so that cluldren and parents was Inspired by a major study a!ike coul~ feel tha t ed:tcation : made publ ic on Oct. 23. T hat wa~ a basic pa rt of their total study found tha t the education- environme~t. . al adva.,tages gained by a pre- M~. S_hn\·er said th at elecschool child in the h ead start tro1_1ic aids ~ad alrea~y proved program tended , to disappear th en· effectiveness rn Hea d sLx to eight m onths after the Start c_lassrooms.. . child had started h is r eo-ula r He did not say m h is address 0 schooling. whe~e funds for Proj ect Keep The study •was d irected b y l\~?vmg would .come from. A:t . Dr. Max Wolff, senior r esearch ame m t~e Off~ce ?f Econo.mic : sociologist at the Cente t· for Opportumty said m \?ashing- , Urban Educa tion in New York. t.on today that Mr. Shnver belt was sponsored by the F er- heved th.at fund s would be Kauf Graduat e School of Ed- m ade .available ~hro.ugh F ederal : ucation at Yeshiva University and Slate agencies if th ere wa.3 . and supported by fu nds from c:1ough pressure from commun!- , the Office of Economic Op- ti.es throughout the country. . portunity. Pointing to the Wolff study, : Mr. Shriver said that "the . 'One Grade at a Time' readiness and receptivity" that · Mr. Shriver conc~ded tha t his many children "gained in H ead i proposals could not be accom- Start has been crushed by the plished all at once. H e said. broken promises of first grade. 1 howeve r, th a t "any u rb:rn schooi Projec t Keep :Moving, he said, ~ system with imagination and a could stir "a r e\·olution in edu- · r easonable use of r e ·ources cation from preschool through 1 could t ack le the job one grade college." at a time." " Only if we maintain the : H e called Projec t Head Sta rt pace of Hea d Sta rt throu ghout ' "a shor t-t enn experi ence, and a the school sys t.:!m," h e said, ! shot of educational adrena lin "ca n we create an educational whose effects ca n w ear off in process whi ch \ Vill give every : the grinding bor2dom a nd frus - disadvantaged child in our na- . tration of s lum classrooms." tion a chance t o obtain the h ighAckno\l'ledging th ?. t it would est educ2.tion level in h is · be d iffi cult to provide one pow:eri' SHRIVER PROPOSES WIDE SCHOOTiJ DI1 AN Ill!) �.., THE EVENING STAR Washin.gtcin, b: c:; Frldoy/ Novem6rir .i8, 1966 \·• ·=-- ' •\ ' ~' I ' _, ~• ' ~ ~ . : A-3 X .,.c; ."' ,•• - - - - - - - P O I N T OF V I E V I - - - - - - - GOP Bg]res By MARY McGRORY Star Staff Writer Rep. 1\11elvin R. Laird, chairman of the House Republican - Conference, has unveiled the economlirl]L~ 5ra1Q.iQP I ·'s e Union" message, which the _newly revivetrminority party plans to repeat-January. He expounded at length on a federal-state tax2 h,l)~inf-n!an ~ ~ginallv pushed bVTvafter1'ieller. wno ser ved noTFi Tue New r."7cinticr and the Great Society as chairman of the President's Council of Econom"ic Advisers. Congressional Republicans are putting a major effort into their minority declaration this year. With 47 new House ' members and a brilliant array of new faces in the Seriate, they hope their "State of the Union" which was somewhat facetiou_sly received i!i 1966, will be taken seriously in 1957. Laird told the press he thinks the real action in the coming year will be in the House, where the swelling of R epublican ranks means that some of the legislative goals might actually _be accomplished. Jn drafting the "State of the Union," the views of the newly elected governors a·nd legislators will be consulted, but L aird said he hoped the House Republicans "would not get involved in presidential politics." He and House Minority Leader Gerald E . Ford alr eady are involved to some extent, since they ; ·aised the money to fin ance the highly ·successful 30-staet campaign tour of Richard M. Nixon. They sought and received clearaz:ice from Ford's governor, George W. Romney, the leading contender. They said they were working not for the candidacy of Nixon but for the congr essmen whom he was boosting. The drafters of the "State of the Union" paper foresee little difficulty with the domestic proposals. The Republican governors went on record in July 1965 in favor of the taxsharing scheme. But if .Senate Min;rity Leader Everet t M. Dirksen EconoR~uic Plan· opposition were formed during , reserves for himself the right to speak again on foreign the Eisenhower years, when · the then· Senate Minority · policy, as- he did in 1965, the Republicans will find them- Leader Lyndorr B. Johnson · took the position that partisan· selves in difficulties. differences stopped at the , Dirksen pleased neither ha_wks nor doves of his party water's edge. with his previous declaration. The rule was observed, He will again fail the hardexcept in 1954 when Johnson, liners like Nixon and Rep. in concert with several other Ford, who favor increased air Democrats, took exceptio.n to and sea power use and the the Eisenhower policies in soft-liners; like Sen.-elect Viet Nam. Charles H. Percy of Illinois Dirksen initially made a few and Sen.-elect Mark 0. Hat- noises about Viet Nam last field of Oregon, who empha- · year, but refused the _langua ge size negotiation. , provided him by the Joint The Senate minority leader Minority Conference and went is a law unto himself, and all the way with LBJ in his none of the technicians in the portion ot the ·'State of the House leadership can appeal . Union." to him to shape his views to Romney is botll vulnerable theirs. · and defensive on for eign Dirksen's thinl-:ing on loyal policy. He r evealed in his first post-election national television appearance s~mday that he not only has no position but no views he dares express. It is this weakness that may prove to be the opportun ity of 48-year-olcl Sen.-elect P ercy, who proposed the all-Asia peace conference, which he _ insists, despite the presidential trip to i\'Ianila, has never occurred. · Percy makes no secret to fello w Republicans of his feelin g that he is far more informed on quesliohs of war and peace than the governor of Michigan. · He has one other adva ntage over Romn ey. He supported his party's nomi nee in 1964 and Romney did not, a circumstance for which the . Goldwater wing of the par ty has not yet for given him. If P ercy- no matter what . Dirksen s ays in the " State of . the Union" message-forges out. a peace position, then it could mean problems, not only · for Rom ney, but for President J ohnson as ,1·ell in 1968. r �THE WASHINGTON POST - NOV. 19, 1966 ·- --- Teachers Seen Using Slunis as Excuse By Henry W. Pierce iwere among more than 2500 , excuse their own failure 1o ·I which is incorrect All the an. p IT '1: S ~UR G H, Nov.. rn Ipersons attending the four- 1jteach the youngsters properly. th~opologi.sts here ha Ye main'. The Nat10n s schools are usmg day American Anthropogical c·t E J tamed trac the culture of povI . 1 es xamp e · erty on e t h b · d 1ower-c 1ass children's "povcr- Association meetin" here. ' , c c P . as een m1sus~ . ty culture" as an excuse for . hSe told about a New York . But perhaps it's our own pomt not educatin" them adequate- ·An th ropologists, who tradi- City teacher in an underprivi- j of view that needs changing." Jy a lead in.'.: social scientist tionally have studied such !edged school district who took . He charged that anthro polo- I charged her; today. things as tribal cultures and her students to the _airport as l?ists a_re "very ~rnch inrnlvedl Dr. Estelle Fuchs, anthro- man's remo te past, have pa.~-t .of a class. proJ~ct. th~,ir own middle-class culpologi;;t at New York's Hunter . . It was the first time those , tures. . I 111 t 1 College and author of the shown . a spurt of i~te_reS children had been out of their · .· controversial "Pickets at the P_O~erty groups w1th 1_n the own neighborhood," she de- ! - - - - - - -- - - ~ ~ Gates," said schools tend to Umted States. A sc~s1qn on clared, adding: i freeze underprivileoed . chil- poverty drew a stand mg-room 1 "They were amazed when . dren into a lower-;lass way crowd here, while sessions on I they got their first glimpse of 1 of life. tribal .customs and on baboon I an escalator. One of them: Washington schools arc a behav10r drew only scattered : asked_ whether it tickled if you 11 prime example of this, she attendance. . Irode 1t. That teacher used the : said. Dr. Fuchs, one of six speak- 1incident to prove her students She also cited schools in Iers ~.n "'!~e Culture of Po\·· 1hadn'~, the intelligence to Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Bos- / rt_y, said _ schools a:e l~ard-1learn . . _I ton and New York. i emng many_ of the c!Jffe1ece_s i Dr. Fuchs called this att1- j t ' between middle-class Amen- tude "typical" among many · . t n· An th ropo 1og1s 1ssen .s , . . ;, cans an d 1ower-c 1ass groups. teachers. But a \\. ahs mgton University "School ad ministrators are . anthropologist, Dr. Charles A. usinN the 'culture of poverty' ' 1'ot Scheduled Valentine, di ~agreed with her. conc~pt to absolve themselves At the end of the session, ·Dr. Va!entme_ charf5cd an- from responsibility," she de- Dr. Valentine, who was not a scheduled s peaker, stood up t)1ropolog1sts with fa1_lurc to clared. live among underprt\'lleged I Teachers, she said, often use and declar ed: . groups as a means of study- Iin such terms as "psycho lo Ni- "It seems to me ther e has ing them. Ically unready" and "~uturally been a common thread run"Anthropologists can sludy Iimpoverished home liie" to j ning through these discussions a South Seas culture and find · · , order, hut they go into Harlem and find nothing but disorder . They study our own slumdwellers with questionnaires and interviews ; they are apparently too afraid lo go and live as on e of them," he as- . sertecl. He -added: "It boils down to this: we are good ,a nthropologists overseas and bad anthro-. pologists at h ome." Dr. Valentine said he intends to "live among the poor" · -as par t ·of a study h e is undertaking n ext year in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn . Four-Day Meeting Dr. Fuchs and Dr. Valentine 0 r ! • Im i , . . I ~ - �.. THE EVENING STAR . ., Washington, D. C., Saturday, November 19, 1966 CHARLES BARTLETT ,- ·Poverty Program to The available insights indicate that President Johnson bas been . more than slightly surprised and discomfited by the election returns. Predictions are rife within the bureaucracy that he will "bunker up" and play a more cautious lead for the next two years. Johnson has conjectured to associates that they all may have erred in bragging excessively about their legislative triumphs. He balked even before the election of beiug finished with the Great Society because its legislative foundations had been enacted. Such hints of an intention to embark on a new tack of leadership are bolstered by polls, which show that a significant segment of the voters, about 48 percent in one Republican survey, would prefer him to be more conservative. A· much smaller group, 19 percent in the Republican poll, wants a more liberal President. One crucial test of the President's dlrection will be the anti-poverty program, .·. which is certain to founder in the next Congress unless he wraps a strong, protective _arm around it. Johnson applied the Gavin plan to the war against poverty 0t the same time that he rejected it for the war in South Viet Nam. The domestic war bas been a holding operation and · its enclaves are on the verge of being overrun. , Tl-ie · tenbative guidelines on which the Budget Bureau has shaped its hearings foreshadow no significant change in next year's poverty package. The total appropriation will be approximately the same and the Office of Economic Opportunity will not be stripped of any of its progriams, as the Republicans proposed last spring. But this in itself is not enough to save a program so close to being destroyed by its enemies . The poverty warriors have been left almost defenseless by the President's failure to translate the enthusiasm with which he declared war on poverty in 1964 into the funds 1 and support needed to sustain an offensive. Johnson did almost nothing to help Sargent Shriver and. f . bis associates in the past Congress and he may well intend to let them be devoured by the next Congress. The blood will not be on his hands · but he will be rid of a Pandora's box of embarrassments. · The President may have underestimated the implications of his promise to stamp out poverty in 1964. He probably did not realize that he was launching a social revolution that would cause old-line social workers, bureaucrats, mayors, governors, senators, congressmen and the poor themselves to rise up in noisy, intermittent indignation. As an old New Dealer who likes programs that kindle gratitude, Johnson may well be mystified by a welfare program capable of causing so much dissent. The trou bles. arise because Shriver and his cohorts have unflinchingly declared war against all the forces which submerge the poor. Convinced that this was more than a matter of putting federal money in poor men's hands, they have poked their way deep into the subterranean caverns of the social structure, roused all kinds of bats, and raised new questions. Johnson undoubtedly envisioned something more like the Labor Department's Neighborhood 'Youth Corps. which is a simple, almost a leaf-raking type of program that funnels more than onequarler of a billion dollars into kids' pockets withou t teaching them much or raising man~' - -- - ('-. issues. It is a safe, unimagi.na~ tive welfare program and it is. extremely popular with Con: ! • · gress. The war on poverty will settle into this comfortable pattern if Congress abolishes the OEO. The bureaucrats.' know the New Deal techniques well and they will back away from contentions like · the , current one that sandwiches Shriver between the liberals who advocate sterilization and . the Catholics who oppose birth, control. -. George Bernard Shaw wrote_ that "nothing is ever done in this world until men are prepared to kill one another if it is not done." The kind of allout war that the President declared and Shriver ha~ waged may involve too manr basic changes to be accomplished in a tepid political climate. a\ But P ar.dora's box has been opened . "The rich man thinks of the future," according to an old proverb, "but the poor_ m an thinks of today." Johnson has raised hopes that are unlikely to subside because of a conservative tinge in the election re turns. © 1966 l I I l Ir t . L _ .rI I �TH~ NEW YORK 1BIES, SUN'rJAY, NOVEMBER 20, __1966. Lawyers Begin Drive Agai11st Poverty lea-al · profession-the fasioning were U1. e deserving poor and the By SIDXEY E. ZION 0 {' legal remedies to achieve undeserving poor." Speclu to The :Sew York Times human r ights through the ap- "As a practical reality," he CHICAGO, Nov. 19;;--A major plication of imagination schol- continued, "we are still living ~ffort t? .~evelop new_ and arship." . with that today." imaginative legal remed ies to For example, he said that He pointed to states that deny combat _:poverty was started class actions by slum tenants aid to dep endent children because here this weekend by the could succeed eYen in states the moU1.er, whose husband has N.A.A.C.P. Legal Denense and where there was no legislation deserted her, is suspected of Educational Fund, Inc. providing for this right. The having sexual relations with an"\.Ve are mo ving into an era class action, which is a lawsuit other man. of pove_rty Jaw which in some bro_ughl by a nun:be;; of persons Compilation of Cases sense 1s com parable to the actmg t ogether, 1s a descendcivil rights law· of the mid- ant of the 17th century," Pro- A 246-page book, p repared by 1930's," Ja ck Greenberg, direc- fessor Levi said. · Cl_le- Legal Defense Fund, was tor-counsel of the fund, said. Similarly, he suggested, a dis tributed to all the la'_vyers Mr. Greenbern- called on tha tenant could force a landlord t o here. The book, which will be 200 lawyers g~thered at th e rehabilita te an . apartment on expand ed_ ~eriodically, contains University of Chica go Law the basis of "the ancient doc- court decisions, legal essays and School to benefit .from t he trine of abatement of a nui- forms that lawyers can use in Mbes t thinking" on the legal sance." preparing cases. The subj ects aspects of slum housing, we!A Char o-e to Lawyers covered 11:re consumer credit, O fare, consumer fraud, and the • • slum housmg, problems of farm farm and migratory workers. I_n most s~ates, Profes~or 1;:_~~1 and migratory workers, and "Those of us who years ago said, there 1s n_o effec tl\•e leo1"- welfare laws. were concerned solely with lation to reqmre la ndl ord s t o "If we could mobilice the orthodox issues of civil rights," repair ruridown apartments. people h ere," said :Michael he sa id, "have little by little B_u~. he said, by th~ use t ra - :\Ieltsncr, a lawyer for the legal and for a time not fully realiz- d1tional legal d oct1 ines, fa sh- de fens e fund, "there would be ino- lt been dea ino- more and ioncd with skill," the goal can a t remendous exposure of the ·m;re with ques ti on; of poverty be accomplished, _ problems of th e poor to the Ap- : and issues affecting all ·Amer- "The cha:ge" to la\\ y ers in pella te Court and to th e people : icans. our generation. he concluded . of the country." · _ . is t o throw open the door s of H e continu ed: "The trouble · 1-ie\\ Techniques Sought the courtroom where t radition - now is th a t th ere is not a genVirtually all of the lawyers ally w ehave sea r ched fo·r truth era! undcrs ta ndin " as to how h~re for th e week end confe1:ence and eq_u ity, so th a t r ights Ion?. people li\"e in slu nZs, what hap- : on la w a nd poverty are act1\"ely rec ogm Zed can be effectua ted. pens t o the m io- ratory work er, enga ged in r epresenting poor :Mr. Levi is profes sor of urba n th e credit ab ufes that afflic t · persons, either through f ederal- studies a t Chicago. o-he tt o people, anci the way t he ly funded organiza tions such as This morning a welfare law poo r are trea ted in the lower the Office of Economic Oppor - expert, Edwa rd V. Spa rer, crim inal courts." Mr. Greenberg said that the . t~ni_ty or throu gh_ legal a id so- wa rned the. Ia wye:s tha t. there c1eties, or as priva te Iav,ryers was m creas mg resis tance m th e confer ence here was "the first cooperating with the Legal De- co untry t? t~e "bas ic prem ise" of its kind in the country" and fense Fund. that the mdi gent have a nght th a t h e hoped it could be set up . E ssentia lly, t he purpose of th e to assistan ce. on a na tion a l and rco-ional basis · conference is to expose th e Mr. Sparer, \\"l'io is legal ?i- in th e futu re. "' lawyers to new thinking on old r ector of the Center of Social The Leo-aJ Defense Fund is subjects, and to explore various Welfa re ai:id. Pu~lic P olicy at not a pa rt of t he National Asnovel legal techniques tha t Columbia limver si ty, n oted th a t socia ti on fo r the Ad\·ancement mig ht be used on behalf of the some ·welfa re depa rtmen ts an d ·of Colored P eople. It is an in' disadva ntaged._ cou~t_s had recently t a l~e n th e ldcpendcn t, non profit corpora' In the ope ning address yes- pos1_t ion ~hat persons m ight b~ ti on \;,ith its ow11 boa rd, budge t, t erday on ~! um housi ng, Pr_of.jdemed aid _e\·en thou ? h th e) a ncl a staff of a ttorn eys devo ted , Juli an_ ~ o~ the .Umvers1ty 1m et the ehg1bihty requ1 rem cntsl to p rovi ding a ssistan ce in legal of Chicago, sa id: of the law. action. '· · · "In cs ence our task ls as ' "It all s ta rted," he said , "in , an cient - ~nd hon orable as th e th e Eliza betha n days when th ere r ~! I L ,-,--- I r �THE NEW YORK THIES - NOVEMBER 2l, l966 WIDER UREA:-NROLE • • • . • -. :: : ..... . . ~- ... ..., ., • • ',iii • - - -- • • • • . governn'ient · \v"iL~in m etropol_i- .been lagging fa t'. behind both Ag ricu_lture, Robert c. W eaver tan . areas, and innova tions m local and Federal a ctivity." . of .Housing and Urba n De\·eI. · ' rela tions between the · Federal "Yet," it- wen t on, "the s ta.tes opment ; Senators Sam J . Ervin Government, the sta tes and occupy_ :critical position within··fr{in1~ North c a:·olina:· Ka rl E. i . , . ,. . Joe~~ C0!lJm)-_tnities a re . __needed the . American F ederal sys tems lEdmundofS S. ~t\_Dakota,' ~n~ !i . ·· • · , · · · to overcome these obstacl es," a nr! possess ,t he power a nd ·res · . : us_,ie °,,f ll[ci.ine,41 'I · _._;' • ,. ~-. - ·c,.· . ,··· -- ; · it sajd. .- _-_- -· · . ·· . · , . . , . . sou:<:es ~o. s tre~gthen l9cal ca - ~ :P~';- enta t_1\ es , Euoene J. U.S. Report Scores Lao- 1n The r eport was prepared for pac1ties and stimulate greater Fou00n 11ta·no_f NNe,\thYCork ,1. L. _ Hd. ·. . . "' th . . b B J . r r th· t rt i o i or a roma an Facin& ,·Cities'" P(ciblem Fr1e~~;n~~ss~~fat/ pro~116:57, 29 December 2017 (EST) of 143.215.248.55 16:57, 29 December 2017 (EST)!~,f ion '\ 1 · m me ropo 1 a_n Florence P. Dwyer of N ew Jer. 0 .__. · , · . "" · · •• sey; ·and i\fayors Neal S. Bla is1 - - - - -.- ..- .- . . i " . ,, c1L_y . pla nning at Massachusetts . _ Specific Proposals dell of Hon 0 I I H . G Id;. .. · · · , !. t nst1tute. of ·T echnology, . a n_d . . . · u u, e1m~n o WASHINGTON, Nov. 20 issued ' b·y- the House Go\'ern- Many ·of the. comm1ss10n s n~r of St. Peters~ur g , Fla., (AP)-A report issued toni o-ht m ent Ope·rations Committee. spe_cific_ pror.iosals, _s u~h a s st~te Ri~ha rd , C. Lee of N ew H an n, . . '.' Much of the r eport was de- leg1sla t10n t o l!m1t · zoning a n A:tnur A. Na fta lm of Mmby _a House committee predict_- voted to. the need for st a te powers of smaller suburbs and neapol!s. ed_ tha t the F edera l sys t em legislation providing g r eater to limit_ incorpo_ration of s~pa - - - -- might be g ravely weaken_ed ui:i- home rule, m etropolita n plan- ra t e umts w1th11:_ m etro?ohtan less states increased their ro1e nin o- and s tren o- thenin o- of a-en- area s, have been issued m earin so)ving the problems of ;-net- eral·go\'ernmen"'ta l units, a t op- lier reports. ·. . . . ( ropohta n area s.. pos ed to school dis trict s wa ter l\'fembcrs of the comm1ss1on R ·' It said states ha d !ag ged far a nd sewera o-e boa rd s a n~! other include Govs. John N. Dempsey n behind F ederal and ;,;~:11 gov- s in o-le-purpt se o-roups. . jof Connecticut , Nelson A. 2 ernments in dealing wi.h s uch / But it noted° tha t the vas t -Rockefeller of New York, Ca rl c p_r?blems and that, a s a re5Ult. increase in ·Federal program s F . S':.nders o_f Georg ia a nd Rob- ~ cities had bypassed ~ta tes :, ml ,a imed at metropolita n areas ert _E. Smylie of Ida ho ; Secre- JJg one directly to \\ a slrn1g tL·,: · should serve as a basis fo r en- t;i. n es H enry H . Fowler of the ' for h elp. · couraging m etropolita n pla n- Treasury, Orville L. F reeman of .1 .., .~ · ·. "l\I!nimizin g state pa r~iripa - ning for both the centra l city tion m u rban a ffa irs 1~ t:111ta - a nd surrou ndi ng suburbs. mount to r emo\'ing s t~ ce in fl u- "The Cong ress a nd executive ence from a critica l n 11ge ~f agencies should a uthorize a nd domesti c iss ues," th e r epor t encou rag e r esponsible j oint pa r said, adding tha t withou t st.ate ticipa tion in urba n development part icipa tion it is doubtfu l programs b.y local g overnments whether local g overnment can having common p rog ra m objecbe r eorganized t o meet its tives in m et ropo li ta n a reas tha t g rowing r espons ibilities." everla p politica l bounda ries," \Vha t is seen a s a n urgen t the repor t said. need t o re-establish a role for . Willia m G. Colman, th e comthe sta tes is a · p rincipa l theme mission's executive di rector, of the 168-pag e r eport, a prod- said in a st a tement a ccompanyuce of seven yea rs of work by ing the r eport tha t "the soluthe bipar t isa n Commi s,jnu_ on tions to metropolita n problems Inter.£"o\·ernmenta f R 0 l 0 ion~. can be de\·e1oped by the states, notes t a t with metropoli- b y the F edera l Government, or t a n areas g rowing so fa st that by both." some 75 per cen t of the naAl though the . r epor t mil.de it tion·s -popula t ion would live clear that the commission fa. there by 1980, the Governmen t vo·red ·such . developmen t a t a ll would have to pro\·ide man:r of levels, l\Ir . Colman said tha t the services· indivi duals could "the decis ion as to wh ich it will furnish themselves in a p re- be res ts · to a considerable exdomi nan tly rura l economy. t ent wi th the sta te · governBut the repor t a sser ted tha t ments, becaus e it they choose · "poor coordin a tion a nd conflicts not ot a ct , th e m etropoli tan . of interest among governmen ts problem by default, becomes often block effec ti\·e action to la rgely a Federal problem." 1 deal w ith metropolita n prob- The report suggest ed th a t · !ems." . this had a lrea dy ha ppened, a nd "Chan·g es in th e structure of said t::a t " the s ta te rol e ha s' (~U-RG-ED--FOR:STAT-ES r I ·f 'l -- �. ___ \ ....._.,... . . l ' THE NEW YORK TIMES, ·.M ONDAY, N OVE':\1:BER 21, 1966. .POPULAT.ION ISSUEIf _ .,. .,~· .\/,·<:.··'.-,·.: -,:-~:'-~ ,,,·-~-~I . ~i-,. ! ; !:· -- ., . ···:.~ '.l ··· PERTURBS H TIRTZ [ J./, -: . •'·· ' · ,._ .~~,, · H 1 .., Dangers F oreseen i ·r,'i "Just as science has made training in ,two \\.;Y~ by_ pro~·id-· ,ri-;/" ~ war t oo dangerous to be left _to ing an across-the-board mcrease I the aenerals, Mr. W irtz said, in medical t raining and by !)roj ;- _ .-_ .-·· · · I' "scie; ce, when it unloc_ks t~e viding a S30-million fund to ·<:- ;:Y;r ,. ·f arcane of thought an~ llfe Will es tablish 60 academic chairs to tf .>.• ·. • ;:_ · • ,-:,. · I either h ave made science t oo s tabilize the college's long-range He Discerns Inadequacies in i j f ,...,, . ·, ·.:.~ . . dangerous t o be left t o th e sci- educational program. ~ '\ !1~~;,;_s,' / : ,~,. _,entists or will have made gov- ' Ee indicat ed that medical Birth Control Discussio1is i . 'fl'::.;J -~ _s;.'t_·,..-·:· F.'t!i ernment t oo danger~us t o be student enrollment would in{_-,_ , }it,-.:,; ;{ ;,;~~ {- · .t;;' left t o the governed.' crease from 96 t o 120 a class, that enrollment for doc torates is E~~s!;~~h~~ll~:lv;~~it~~ would double from 45 to 90 and 1 t hat there would be a substanW il- ; · ·\ . .,% ,f>_}:f--'.:_'_,_, began yes terday a S120-m1l!Jon s e! ;et:~; Jard Wirtz observed critically 'Z.h'f': _: pt /d, development program over a ti2! inc rease in the number of . ' \,\i,,~j:;,,,. . .. • ·  :::-",-i.fa; 1 10-year period to _strengthen_ :nte:n residents and post-docyest erday' tha t the controversia l "'(.lf_,:. and ex tend the me~1cal school toral fellcws trained. question . of birth control had t ...' .·, \_·, .. • . -~'0 progra ms of education a nd reTo pr'.lvide fac ilities for its not been dis cussed openly- :. . . ·. .qf. i..,._Y:: ~ search a nd the development of cxp~.nded enrollment, t he E in"unless -to be der ided"-a t the /r · _;;:·,,,.- , / ' · :,.J ::xtensive facilities. Medical School is planning r_ecentlyth heldh eletchtion catm- f:_ .· · ·"· J ack D. Weiler, chairman of ste::-i ./ E duca~:anal Center . paigns roug out e coun ry. f -·-..1.,, the Medical College's Board of :nr15-story He":~h Sciences on its N oting that some population ;. ,/ ,Overseers, a nnounced that the · -campu.;;. experts· predict there will be f , campaign h ad · started _ wi~h T he build ing would proYide three billion people 01· m ore by t/_ .· preliminary pledges of Sl J-nul- classrooms, lecture nails and t he year 2,000, :Mr. Wirtz added ~ . lion. laboratories, as \\'ell a s other that "t ~ere is ? . ;;:owing aware- i One of t he highlight s of the facilities, including a two -story ness tha t centuries after 1\1:al- I convocation was t he presenta computer center and headquarthus's warning- that t her e may , tion of honorary degrees to four ' t ers for a greatly expanded pronot be fo od to feed so many." l.......... prominent Americans for vari- gram of preventive medicine His r eference to :Malthus reThe New York T i mes ous achievements in their and communit y health. 1 ferred t o Thomas R. Malthu3, VIEWS BIRTH RISE: fields. · Three large middle - income 18th century economist who Secreta ry of Dabor W. WitCited were 1\fr. Wirtz, who apartment houses ,::'.I'. be built was a uthor of the theory that la rd W irtz said birth con- was awarded the degree of on' the campus site to provide_ population t ends to increase docto r of laws ; Cha rles H. Revresidential quarters fo r nurses, fa ster than the f::l:Jd supply, and trol issue s h ould h a ve been son. chairman of the boa rd of h ouse staff, married s tudc:-its, tha t war , disease and famine a re d iscussed m ore openly iii Revlon, I nc., doctor of humane pos t-doct oral fellows and juniur I !'!~ce~=~ry t k ee:' t:w popula- . t i!3 .::.Cl_ccfio-;: · · ca m 1i::i.i~l]s.;_: letters ; Dr. Albert B. Sabin, faculty. · tion in balanc with the food who developed oral polio vacsupply. P opula tion H althus said,, cine, doct or of science, and Dr. mus t be checked by moral reSidney Farber of Ha rvard straint.Medical School, doctor of sciSpeaking at a s pecia l convoence. cation at the Albert Eins tein Dr. Samuel Belki n, president Colle"'e of :Medicine in th e upof , Yeshiva University. who 0 per Bronx, Secreta ry Wi:·tz awarded the degrees, observed used t he birth control qu estion t hat the r ecipients represented as an example of the failure of,· the "creative pa rtnership of in his words, "the majority" to government, science and philanface u p t o t he k:iowledge· thropy in the growth and development of American medical science ~- consta ntly dc·,elop· · education and re earch." ing. . · · · I 'l'he new program. j\fr. Weiler "There is, at least," h e said, sa id, would streng then medical "a rouah equiv:i lent between both th; na ture and the infinite importa nce of t wo pur.,uits: that by the life scienti~( of th e method· of creating life, a nd that by society of how t o con- 1 . o! bi rth.. . J t \::::c:.L l \L' {1 r. 't '/;;,:~lt)( <.· f ·· ·., f. i A ·_·._ .: · t I _.-. )~,!~ · ~~t -:• l I"_ 0 I L L _ f I ~. �r 15, 1 66 Force Tot At th , direction of P ul Yl of the pr y r, I tt chi • Ch pin on lo - r n i , co y es for co If y _ aibl roul to t l c.re of dt trl utt of lee it to t' _ oth .~ merm>e:r•• �STATEMENT ON LANDLORD-TENANT RELATIONS For a tenant who is poor and lives in a slum, the balance of power in landlord-tenant relations is an unequal one. The slum dweller's ability to compete in the market place by moving elsewhere is · sharply limited. His ability to -seek legal redress is hampered both by his level of poverty and the lack of an adequate · framework of legal protection. His ability to obtain protection from government is limited by inadequate code enforcement programs and a lack of effective governmental sanctions in dealing with major code violations. Reformation of landlord-tenant law is a state and local government responsibility, but of major importance to the national welfare. The federal government already has substantial authority to help protect the rights of tenants through better code enforcement. The steps ta.ken by the federal government, while indirect, can be of decisive importance. I I I Recommendations: 1. The Task Force therefore recommends: That a National Institute of Urban Housing Law be es- tablished and adequately funded on a long-term basis. The Institute should be em.powered to prepare model statutes, develop briefs, and serve as a clearinghouse of housing law information. ~-- ... __ / / �2. That the administration of HUD' s "Workable Program" which now statutorily calls for an effective program of code enforcement, be strengthened (a) by giving the matter highest possible priority in the · Department, (b) by clarifying regulations and developing specific criteria on what constitutes an effective program, and (c) ~by requiring · uniform statistical reporting to determine comparable rates of municipal performance. 3. That HUD's program of aid for concentrated code enforce- ment (Sec. 117) be revised to allow the use of such funds in hard ·core slum areas to cope with most urgent code violations, or new legislation should be sought to provide a new aid program for urgent repairs and intensified municipal services in such slum areas. 4. That HEW should be directed, either by legislation or administrative action, to require as a condition of continued welfare payments that state and local governments establish a program that: (a) provides a system for the inspection and certification of major code violations and the opportunity for welfare recipients to elect to with- I I hold their rent where justified, (b) allows rent to be placed in escrow for the repair of such violations, and (c) requir~s enactment of appropriate legislation prohibiting summary eviction of such welfare tenants. 5. That all federal departments concerned with property acqui- sition prohibit peyroents for values rep~esented by the amount of code violations. 6. I -- _/ That federal departments dealing with the audit and veri- fication of real estate and mortgage loan assets require certification, for each property concerned, that no official complaints of code violations I are presently pending. �December 1, 1966 SUMMA_·1w REPORT TO T:FIE ?R~SIDEI\i'T BY THE TASK FORCE ONT}~ CITIES ... ., - DJTRODUCTION The Task Force was convened on October 28 to give con sideration to issues and proposals in four areas : centers, (2) homern-mership by the poor, Corporation, and (4) (3) (1) neighborhood Urban Development landlord-tenant relations . GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood Centers: A federal inter - agency progr ara should be initiated on a demonstration basis . But t he goal should be to shape the tot al service system of a city, so that it effectively meets needs from the individual's viewpoint and not just to te st out different kinds of "models II as though neighborhood centers a.r e ends in t hemselves r ather than t he delivery ar m of the city's service system. Homeownership by the Poor : trying on a pilot program basis . Is a good i dea and well worth But it is no panacea . It should be made part of a. larger neighborhood i mprovement program. It should make mmership possible outside the slum as well as i n i ·~. Dwellings should be rehabilitated prior to asswnption of mmership . Low interest loans and rent supplements or other subsidies from owners will be necessary . �2. Uroan Developr .ent Corooration : As a means of stimulat ing teci_r1ological and o-che r cost-s aving i nnovations, it is an attr active idea . But it must be done on a large enough sc ale if it is to have any i mpact . A number of risks ar e involved. Fir,. commitments on t he availab ility of low- interest loans and rent supplements must be made . Landlord - ten2.nt relations : The federal government ha s present authority, and can issue additional administr ative regulations , to help tenants by requiring vigorous code enforcement a s a condi tion of federal assistance . In addition, consideration should be given to using welfare payments as lever age to correct serious code violation s by l andlords . s·lmn areas . HlJ1) 1 s aid program for code enforcement should be used in A National I nstitute of Urban Housing Law should be es - tablished . fl :ff ,t " · �SlJi,~,_;_/illy STATEJ'l.lEI,iT ON 1JEIGHBORHOOD CENTERS The Ta sk Force is concerned over what appears to be a tendency to look at ne i ghb orhood centers through t he i·r.cong end of the telescope . The quest ion is not how many cente rs we need, n or whether t hey should be pure information centers , di agnosis centers, one stop r:mlti - purpose centers, or othe r combinations . The ques tion is how to t ake the bewildering maze of pr e sent social service s (broadly defined)- a..'1.d develop a system for delivering those services in a manner th.s.t ma..1-rn s sense from the st andpoint of the men, women , and children who need he l p the most. Ne i ghb orh ood centers c an serve as the delivery ar m for the city's system of social services . They can serve effectively, however, only if the city's system is rationally orgru1iz ed to :provide coordinated and mutually reinfor cing s ervices in a manner that genuine ly meets the consumer's needs . They cannot and should not - - be come small repli c as that simply mirror and se ek to compete wit h the larger institutions that make up the pr e sent dis or g anized system . In t he long run that woul d only add one more twist to an already t ortuous maze . Unless there is reorgani zation at the federal, s t ate , and local l evel t o develop a system that is tailored from the viewpoint oi t he i ndividual's needs, the establishment of neighborhood centers in every ghetto of America wil l have little lasting value. �Recommendations: 1. The Task Force therefore recommends: That the proposed inter-agency demonstration in 14 cities negotiate only with cities willing to develop plans and mechanisms for the coordination and rational delivery of its service system. 2. That, to the extent possible, this inter-agency demonstra- tion be carried out in cities participating in the Model Cities Program. 3. That the inter-agency steering committee be directed to study and make recommendations for revision of federal statutory and administrative regulations that would contribute to the development of a coordinated system 4. That, to provide greater funding flexibility, legislation should be sought to enable HUD to use present funds for services as well as physical facilities. 5, That any neighborhood c~nters established be equipped with the mandate and resources to serve as an effective catalyst, influence and advocate for making the total system more responsive -to individual's needs. 6. That the program be carried out with maximum participation and involvement of the people to be served. I I I _,,...- I ~ �SUBCOMM ITT EE REPO RT ON PROMOT ING HOME OWNERSH IP AMONG SLUM RES IDENTS I. Fact ua l Background l. 2. 3. The federal governmen t already prov ides a very significant subs idy for home ownership among middle-income and upper- income groups t hrough income tax deduc tions for int erest and property taxes. a. In 1962, th is subsidy amounted to a $2.9 bi llion tax saving for midd le- and upper- income groups. b. The uppermost 20% of a ll fami lies (w ith incomes over $9, 000) rece ived a subsidy o f $1 . 7 bil lion in 1962 - o r doub le the total 1962 housing subs idy given 1·0 th e lowermost 20% in t he fo rm o f public housing costs, welfare hous ing payments, and tax deductions combined. In ge neral, own e r-occupied ho mes in slum areas a re in better physica l condit io n t han ren t e r-occupied homes. However, this may result from the fac t t hat owners genera lly have higher incomes and mo re assets than ren t ers, rath er than from ownership per se . a. Th e proport ion of substa nda rd uni ts a mong fami lies w ith inco mes be low $4 , 000 in c ent ra l cities in 1960 was 8% for own er-occupied uni ts a nd 21% for renteroccupied un its. b. The pro po rt ion o f unso und dwe lling un its among a ll fam i ies in c entra l citi es in 1960 wa s 11% fo r owner-occupie d un its and 33% for ren t er-occupied un its . c. Th ere is a st rong consensus a mong housing expe rts and so cia l wo rkers ex perienc e d in slums tha t prov iding fa mi ies who want to own homes w it h a chanc e to do so wo ul d induc e signifi cantl y grea ter responsibil ity on t he ir part towa rd ma intenan c e o f bot h property and genera I neighborhood cond itio ns. Low-income residen ts get less qua lity pe r do lla r of rent than higher-income residents, and non - white get less t han w h tes. 0 a. In Houston , 80% o f low-in co me families pay ing $40 to $60 pe r month rent Iived in deterio ra ti ng or dila pida ted units, as compa red to only 21 % o f families with incomes o f $3, 000 to $6,000 payin g the same rents . Similar fi ndings (but less ext re me) were ma de in all cities recentl y studied. b. In Chi cago, w hites a nd non-whHes both pai d a median rent of $88 per month in 1960 , but the med ian unit fo r non - w hites was small e r and mo re crowded, and 30 . 7% o f a ll non-white occupied units were deteriorating or dilapidated, as compared w ith 11. 6% of al! white-occupied units. �-2- 4. Absentee ownership is higher in slum areas than in non-sl°um areas for comparable types of property. However, this could be a result of slum cond itions (for example, many peop le wealthy enough to be owners may not want to live in slums) rather than a cause of t hem. 5. Res iden ts o f poveri·y areas and racia l gheHos consider obtaining decent housing to be one of their most significan t prob lems. Yet they often feel frustrated by their apparent inabi Iity i·o improve their housing conditions through their own action. a. II~ 111. Most soc ial workers and other o bservers of slums believe that many very lowincome families have a strong desire l·o own their own homes. Objecti v es of Programs Encouragi ng Ho me O w nership 1. Providing more persons living in s lums wi t h an opportunity of shaping their own destiny regard ing the na t ure and condition of the ir housing. Thi$ would help t hem (a) develop a stake in society, (b) derive signifi cant benefits from governmental and other institutions they now regard wi th suspicion or host i lity, (c) learn how to make good use of such institutions, and (d) increase the feelings of self-estee m, pride, and adequacy which are so batt~red by life in s lum areas. 2. Improving the quality of housing occupied by s lum dwellers, and the qua lity they receive per dollar of expenditure on housing. 3. Providing a greater incentive for s lum a'wel lers to better mainta in the pro perty they Iive in, and to generally improve their own Iives. 4. Improv ing landlord-tenant rela tions among slum dwellers by shifti ng fro m absentee to resident landlo rds. 5. Prov iding easier and more widely accessible means for some slum fami Iies to " escape" from s lum areas by buying ho mes in non-slum and non-ghetto areas wh ich are nearer to new sources of jobs and have better-q ua lity env i ronments and government servic_e s. Constraints Under Which Any Programs Should Operate 1. Programs encouraging home ownership among persons now liv ing in s lums should involve two major facets: improving housing conditions and household morale in slum areas, and helping households now living in those areas move to better neighborhoods. Neither of these facets should be neglected. a. Those parts of any program concerned wi th slum areas themselves should be linked w ith re habili tation of housing in such areas. b. Those parts of any program concerned with helping people move out of s lums need not be linked w ith rehabilitation. �-32. 3. 4. Home-ownership-encourag ing programs shou ld be tried and developed only in three types of a reas: a. Slum areas where the en i·ire env ironmen t is being upgraded through o ther programs, such as improved government services, better schoo ls, intensive socia l work, etc. Ownership a lone is no t a panacea and c anno t co pe with a ll t he dep ressive factors in s lums. Hence s lum ownership programs should be tied in wii-h Model C ities Prog rams. b. O lder bui· well-established and stabl e neighborhoods genera ll y in good physical cond ii"ion and sup p lied wi t h good-qua lity govern ment services. In such areas, programs cou ld be both lin ked wi th rehabilitation o f t he few run-down struc t ures presen t, o r ca rried out wi t h hous ing a lready in good co ndition. The un its invo lved would be occup ied by e ith er new owne rs moving in from slum areas, or present renters in the neighborhood assuming owne rshi p . c. Newer and ou tl ying and suburban ne ighbo rhoods in excel len t conditio n and supp lied wi th good-qua lity governmen l· services. Here s lum dwe ll ers would assume own ership o f hous ing a lready in good cond ition. Programs en cou ra gi ng ho me ownership by s lum dwellers must no t work to thei r disadvantage. These programs shou ld nei ther cause suc h ho useho lds to in v est in property likely to deprec iate rapid ly in va lue , no r II lock them in to the s lums" and b lock their chance to move out into better ne igh borhoods. The refore: a. Such programs should no t be undertaken in slum areas w here cond itions are so bad tha t most o f t he dwe llings w ill e ventua ll y be demo li shed and replaced. b. Such programs shou ld not be un dertaken in any slum a reas un less 11 a ll-out 11 environment-improv ing programs are also currentl y underway. c. Suc h programs shou ld embody a "take-out " feature . It wou ld co nsist o f a guarantee by some public agen cy to buy the un it ba c k from its new owne rs within a certain time period a t no loss to them in case they decide (1) they would rather move ou t of th e slum area altogether, (2) they cannot handle the con tinuing burdens of owne rship, or (3) they do no t want to own this property beca use of con tin ui ng decline in the quality of the neighborhood as a whole. However, owners would be allowed to keep at least a portion of any capital gains resulting from their selling their property to other persons likely to maintain the property adequately. Ownership-encouraging programs linked to the rehabilitation of s lum properties should require it to occur before those properties are transferred to thei r new owners. The costs of rehabilitation can then be built into the debt structure of �- 4- these properties. Such cos"i·s can ·i·hen be subs idi zed th rough (a) e 1m!naJ·ion o f any required down-payment, (b) use of below-market-interest-rate loan fu:-i ds, (c) prov ision o f rent subsidies to tenants in resident land lo rd bui Idings, and (d) prov ision o f owne rship subsidy paymeni·s to new owners who are not land lo rds. 5. In order to make even t he lowest- income groups e lig ib le for these programs , 't would be desirable to chan ge pub lic aid regu lations so that we lfare payments fo r hous ing cou ld be appl ied against debt service and other ownershi p costs as we as a gainst rent. 6. Such programs shou ld not resu li· in the reaping of large profits by a bsentee owne rs who have refused to keep up th e ir propert ies, but who are required by t hese programs to se l I their properi"ies to o thers. 7. O wnership-encouragi ng programs for s lum dwel lers mus1· embody sign if cant preand post-ownersh ip counse ling and financial help admin istered by o rgan iza t ion s located in the slum areas themselves. These supplementary programs a re essen t ' a l to he lp t he new own ers w ith the lega l, fi nanc ial, maint enance, and rehabilita tion prob lems they w i 11 en counter a fter assum ing own ershi p. 8. Such pro gra ms shou ld no t requ ·re eit her the new owners or their ten an ts to ra ' se signi fi cantly the propo rtions o f thei r in comes they spend on housing, since t ha t pro portion is a lready high. 9. Because o f t he uncertainty conc erning the possib le success o f owne rsh ip-encouraging programs, and the particular forms o f them wh ic h w il I be most effective , they should be started on an experimenta l basis. This implies t ha t: -a. Sev e ra l different formats shou ld be started simu ltaneous ly, and eac h shou ld be tested un der a variety of condifions. b. Such programs shou ld be started on a rela t ive ly sma ll sca le, a nd expanded to larger-scale o peratio ns on ly aft er some experien ce has been ga ined about wh ich forma ts are most e ffec tive. c. Ea c h experiment shou ld be designed so that its effectiven ess can be accurate ly eval uated w ithin a rel a tive ly sho rt ti me. The obje c tives which shou ld be weight ed most heav ily in such eva luation shou ld be those concerni ng th e pro~ gram's impact upon t he ind iv idua l househo lds and fami li es invo lved, ra th e r than its impac t upon the phys ica l condition of housing, or th e flsca! status o f the c ities concern e d. d. The federal agenc y sponso ring such programs shou ld develop a set of specifl c formats w hic h it seeks to t est , and shou Id be sure that eac h o f th ese formats is g iven an e ffective test in one o r mo re c ities. �-5e. IV. Individual experiments shou ld be in corporated in the Mode l C ities Prog ram in many cases, since this program has been created to stimulate and test innovations in cop ing with s lum cond itions. 9. Programs encouraging home ownership among slum dwellers shou ld not be eva luated in terms of their effectiveness a t sav ing money in relation to other housing programs (such as urban renewa l o r public hous ing). They w ill probab ly cost no less than such o ther prog rams, and perhaps more. -Bui· they can be evalua1·ed in terms of thei r effectiveness at sav ing money in the long run by red ucing the costs of o ther programs aimed at coping wh"h the impacts of s lum a reas upon individuals. Examples are welfare programs, po lice action, and anti-de linquen cy programs. l 0. Ownership-encouraging prog rams can be best undertaken when norma l market forces are bringing about a rapid expansion in the i·otal supply of housing t hrough extensive construction of new mu lti-fami ly and single-family homes. O therwise the add itional demand fo r housing generated mighi· simp ly a ggrava t e any existing shortages and drive up prices and rents, rather than increasing the supp ly ava ilable to low-income families. This means such programs w ill func tion best when interest rates are re lative ly low rather than in a 11 tight money 11 c lima te . Suggested Programs l. A program to locate s lum dwe llers now renti ng in absentee-owned bui Idings who migh t become successful resident land lords , to find bui Idings appropriate for conv ersion from absen tee- to resident-l and lordship, and to assist the persons found to assume own ership o f those bui !d ings. a. The program wou ld invo lve full subsic;lies for down payments where re uired, and wou ld fi nance on-go ing o perating expenses and debt amortization out o f rents. b. Costs o f any rehabilitation necessary to bring the buildings up to con formity w ith re levant codes wou ld be cap ita lized into the debt structure. c. Below-market-interest-rate loans wou ld be used to finan c e purchase~ d. It wou ld concentrate upon buildings now in poor condition, but still capable o f satisfactory rehabilitation w ithout enormous costs. These buildings cou ld be a cquired from their absen tee owners through a 11 sq ueeze-out 11 process of code enforcement w ii-h minimum public investment. e. This program wou ld be applied on ly in 11 minimum-sized pieces. 11 Each would invo lve a c erta in minimum number of buildings located c lose together in a single block o r a few adjacent blocks. The number of uni ts wou ld be of sufficient "c ritical mass 11 to affect the entire environment of �-6- the b lock or b locks invo lved . Mo reover, eac h such "critica l-mass-sized piece" wou ld be processed simu l'·aneously and as a who le by the govern ment agency hand li ng the prog ram, ra-rher than one bui lding at a time. 2. f. The famil ies seek ing 1·0 become resident land lo rds unde r this program would no t have to remain in i·he spec ifi c buil dings t hey now occupy, but shou ld be allowed to assume ownersh ip in the neighborhoods whe re they now reside. g. In cases where recoverlng the cost of rehabilita tion requ ired rents ·n excess o f the ability to pay o f loca l low-in co me ho useholds, ren t subsidies would be linked into the ownersh ip-encouragement progra m. The combin ed effec t wou ld (1 ) provide rehabilita ted un its for low-income renl·ers and (2) a llow some low-income fami lies to become resident land lords in these rehabil ita t ed bui !dings. h. The program shou ld be run by new, loca l ly-offic e d o rgan izations operating under th e jurisdic i"ion of t he Ass istant Secretary 6f Housing and Urban Deve lopment for Demonstrations and Resea rc h. (1) Because the basi c o biec tiv e o f this program wou ld be a c hange in the soc ial cond it io ns and men ta l a ttil- udes o f s lum dwellers., it wou ld be des irab le fo r primary responsibility to rest in some a gen cy other than FHA . This wou ld a llow FHA to reta in its bas ic " prudent inv estment" o rienta tion w ithout conflkHng with the o bjectiv es o f t hi s program, w hi ch vary from II prudent investment. 11 As lon g as this program is muc h smaller t han FHA 's ot her activ ities (and it must be at least to start), it wou ld be diffi cu lt for FHA to generate the necessary enthusiasm and out look to encou rag e !·he high-risk and frank ly experimental operat·ons essent ia l to success. (2) The Assistant Secreta ry shou ld set general standards of performance and evaluat ion for the program. However, he shou ld be fre e to c reate a variety o f specifc o rganizationa l a rrangemen ts with loca l groups to o perate the program in different metropo litan a reas. Examp les are non-pro fit co rporations, chu rch groups, un ions, or city departments . (3) Each such organ ization shou ld opera t e loca l neighbo rhood o ffi c es to assist new owners w ith (a) pre-ownersh i p training in housekeep ing , mak ing minor repa irs, and lega l responsibi lities, (b) counsel ing on main t enance and fi nancing du ri ng the initial ownershi p period, and (c) fo l low- on counseli ng as necessary. A simi la r progra m to he lp ren t e rs in slum areas take over ownership o f indiv idual un its in mu lt i-fami ly bu il d ings on a condom in ium basis (but not on a cooperati ve ownership basis). �-7- a. This program would hav e a ll o f ·i· he attributes of the first program described above except the use o f rent subsidi es (parl· g). b. If the in co m_es o f the potential owners were not suffi c ient to pay the ca rrying costs o f ownership, then an add it iona l con t inuing su bsidy cou ld be used. This subsidy wou ld be considered the eq uiva len1· o f i·he in.terest and pro perty- tax ded uc tion subsi dy en joyed by midd le-in co me and upper- in come househo lds. Since low- income househo lds do not hav e enough income to benefit fro m such ded uctions, they wou ld be given direct cash equiva lents. The higher the income, the lower the equiva lent; t he larger the household, the hig her the equiva lent -- o ther things being equa l . 3. Anothe r program to he lp renters of sing le-fami ly dwe llings in slum areas ( like Watts) i·ake over ownershi p o f their dwe llings o r o f o ther similar sing le-fam ily dwe llings nearby . This program wou ld a lso have a ll of the a tt ributes o f th e first program desc ribed above except the use o f reni· subs idies. It wou ld make use o f in co me-ta xdeduction-equiva lents, as desc ribed under the second program set fo rth above. 4. A fourth program design ed to encou rage slum dwel lers to mov e into non- slum areas by buying s ing le-fam ily o r two-fam ily bui ldings, o r individua l un its in con do mini um bui ldings, in such a reas. a. This prog ra m wou ld invo lve fu ll subsidies fo r downpayments where req uired. b. It wou ld be focuss ed upon bui Idings a lready in standard condition and therefore needing v ery li tt le rehab i litation. c, It wou ld invo lve indiv idua l bui ldings· scattered throughout neighborhoods containing soc io-economic lev els above th e slum areas , but not as high as upper.,. middle-in come areas . Howev er, the condom ini um parts of the program wou ld invo lve entire bui Idings o perated unde r the program. d. It wou ld incorporate the aspec ts o f the first program desc ribed a bove set fo rth · in paragraphs IV, 1, f-g-h . It wou ld a lso in co rporat e the cont in uing subsidy based upon income-t ax-deduction ·eq uivalents described in paragraph IV, 2, b above. e. The o rganization o pera ting this progra m should have a metropolitan-areawide jurisdiction rather than covering on ly the c entral c ity therein. In fact, it shou ld emphasize placement o f former slum dwellers in suburban areas where possible. Yet this organization should be the same as, or close ly linked to, w hatev er organization administers the o ther programs described abov e . f. The exact locations of the housing se lected for use in this program should be based upon the fol low ing considerations: �- 8- 5. (1) The housing un its se lected shou ld be in sound neighborhoods but sho u ld not be far beyond the econo mi c capabi Iities of th e households moving out of the s lums. Hen ce these househo lds mig h·i- be expec ted to assume fu ll ownership w ithout a con ti nu ing subsidy a fter a c ertain period. (2) There shou ld be a mixture of Negro and white households in vo lved. Some of the s lum move-outs shou ld resuli· in re location o f Negro fa milies in previous ly a ll -wh ite o r predominan·tl y-whi t e areas, a nd some shou ld resu l-r in p lacemeni· o f Negroes in previous ly Negro areas and wh il-es in prev ious ly whi t e a reas. (3) In no cases should the househo lds moved out o f s lums under ·this program be conc entrated together in the rec eiv ing neighbo rhoods i·o suc h an exteni· as to become a dominant group in any given b lock o r elementary schoo l d istrict. (4) If possible, the neigh bo rhoods chosen shou ld be c lose to the type o f jobs possessed by the fami I ies mov ing oui· o f the s lums , and to so_urces o f new employment o ppo rt uni ties being created in the metropolitan area. (5) If possible, the neighbo rhoods c hosen shou ld be parts of c il"ies benefiting fro m o ther federal programs (suc h as urban renewal, the Interstate Highway Progra m, or federal aid to education) the contin uance o f whic h might be linked a t least informa lly w ith wi llin ness to coo perate w ith this program. Sim il arly, this program might be linked with defense procu rement acti v ities in commun ities be nefiting from defense production con trac ts . g. This program wo u ld not invo lve the c reation o f resident land lords (exc ept in two-unit bui !dings) by eliminatio n o f absen tee land lordsh ip . h. It might be desirab le to link this program w ith th e o the r programs encouraging own ership of buildings in s lums by s lum-dwe llers . This cou ld be done through some type of formu la wh ich wou ld require prov isio n of a certain number of · 11 s lum-escape 11 un its for each set o f "slum-renovation " units invo lved . Al l of the above programs should be linked to a number of o ther federa l programs or policies aimed at reducing the impact of ethnic discrimina tion upon housing markets. Discrimination creates a " back-pressure" in areas readily avai lable to minority groups which tends to raise prices therein . This makes it ha rder for resi ents to own their own homes, and reduces the incenHve of absentee lan d lo rds to improve deteriorated slum properti e s. Among the possible ways to counteract these forces might be: a. Requirement that any dwe lling uni ts financed with mortgages furnished by institutions supported by federal agencies (such as banks and savings and loan associations) be sold or rented on a non-discriminatory basis. �----- ·------------ - -- --- -·- -·-- - - -9b. CreaHon o f pub li c ho us ing on va c ant land, parH cu la rly in subu rban areas; preferab ly on sca ttered sites an re la ti ve ly sma li u low- dse pro jec ts. Th is assumes that the hous ng so c reated wou ld be ntegrai-edu preferab ly with a Negro mino rity u ra ther than l 00 perc ent Negro. 0 0 c. Subs diz a tion o f privat e groups des"gned to he lp Neg ro househo lds move onto prev ious ly a ll -wh t e neighborhoods in suburbs and pe d phera l ne ighbo rhoods in c entral ci·H es. (An examp le ss the group o f th us type in Ha rtford 0 Connect icut) . Such subs idy cou ld consist o f gran Hng o f tax exemptions u o r a llow in g the sa le o f ta x-exempt secu rit° es,. as we ll as provhbn of g rants to cover cap ita l or ope ra ting costs. · 0 0 V. Estimated Costs of Owne rsh ip-En co uragement Programs Undertaken a t Va d ous Sca les l. Bas ic assumptions unde rl y ing l·hese cost estimates are de r°ved from FHA expe d en ce and census data. They are as fol lows: a. Th e total cost o f acqu ring and rehabilitating e ither singl e-fam nl y o r m t· fam ily hous ing will be $1 2,,500 per un it . b. Tota l per-uni t mon -i·h ly ope rating expenses a re $48 .46 for sing le-fam ily houses, and $49 . 42 for mu lti -fam ly bu il d ings (i nc lud ing a $9 a lowan ce for vacancy and contingencies but no a Ilowance for management fees). 0 0 c. Househo ld inc o mes have ri sen about 25% since 1959, when t he in come d istribution among occupan ts of substandard hous·ng uni ts who ea rned less than $6,000 per yea r was as fo ll ows: Unde r $2,000 $2,999 17 . 2% $3;000 - $3, 999 13.5% $4,000 - $4, 999 9.3% $5,000 - $5v999 6 . 4% $2,000 Tota l d. 51.9% 100 .0% Th e proposed prog rams will extend ass istance to members of a ll th ese ·ncome groups proportionately . Henc e ca lcu lotions about the total subsidy re quired can be based upon th e we ighted average 1965 in come o f th e entire group, which as $2,840 per year. �- 10- e. Househo lds can devote 25% o f t heir incomes to housing. Thss a mo un ts to a we ghted average of $59.16 per mon1-h for th e en f re g roup invo ved. 0 2. f. A ! costs of acq uisition a nd re ha bi ta tion w "I be :nco rporat ed nto the tota l in "Ha l loan and amo rtazed over a 30-year period on a no-dow n- payme, t bas·s. g. Mu lt"-fam!!y p rograms w ill uta aze 12-un it buo! d ings and provode no ex p!k H a llowance for owner profts. 0 0 These assumpt 'ons lead to t he fo l owing conc lus'ons: a. The annua I ra t e of d h e c t subs idy per un H, not coun ti ng ad mi nistra tive costs or losses of int e rest from be low-markel- ra i·es,. wou ld be $504 fo r a seng le-fa mq y program a nd $5 16 for a mult~-famely program at a 3% nt e rest ra t e. Hence direct subsid ies per un it a re very similar fo r the two programs. 0 b. D rect subs idy costs a re ve ry sensit°ve to c ha nges in int erest ra te . For a s ngl efa mi y program, the va ria t on is fro m $772 per uni t per year a t 6% to $504 a t 3% and $288 a t z e ro nteres1. However g if losses in int erest a re co nted a s costs, th s sensitiv ity drops to zero. 0 0 0 0 0 c. Direct subsedy costs are a lso very sensitive to c hanges in the ·ncome-co mpos1t"on of the groups serve d. Exc luding fam H°es w"th inco mes below $20 000 ra ~ses the we "ght ed average a mou ,t ava "lable per month fo r hous ing fro m $59 . 16 to $94 .88 . This reduc es the annua l s'ngle- fam ily subsidy a t 3% 'nterest from $504 per un it to $75 - - a drop of 85% . However, it a lso exc ludes 52% o f the ho use ho lds w ith incomes unde r $6 8 000 liv ing in substa nda rd hous"ng. d. To·ta l costs a t va d o us sca les o f operatcon (exc luding a dministratuon) a re snmll a r fo r both song! e-fa mal y and mu lti -famoly programs. Hen ce they ca n both be 1tl ustrated by the fo iow cng ta ble for singl e-family pro gra ms,. assumong a 3% int e rest ra te : Number o f Housing Units Annual Direct Subsidy Charges ($ m· I lions) Requi red !nut[a i Loan Fund A llocat·ons ($ m 1!'ons) 0 $ 62 . 5 5;000 $ 2 . 520 10,.000 5.040 125 . 0 25g000 12. 600 312.5 50,000 25 . 200 625 . 0 50.400 1,250 .0 �- 11 - e. 3. Th e above tab le ·s based upon pro po rt·ona i pa rt dpat ion by a H uncome groups un der $6, 000 pe r year. Va·ia tions in tota l cosi·s a t th ese sca les res u ltung from changes ·n int erest ra t es or in come-g roup compos itio n can be roug h ly est; ma t ed from po ints (b) and (c) a bove. 0 The s"gn· .c·cance of th e sca le of ho me-owne rsh ip programs depends upon the tota l number of s lum fam i ies Bv ng ·n substanda rd hous ng who wou ld Hke to beco me owners • 0 0 . 4. a. n 1960, t he re we re 6.9 millio n ren te r househo lds lov ing ·n cent ra l c Hes. Aboul· 818, 000 (1 2%1 le ved in substanda rd un its; 508 , 000 of these had ~ri comes unde r $4, 000. Ano t her 992,000 (14%) lived in standard but c rowded un its; 390,000 o f these had oncomes unde r $4u 000. Hence th e paten-Ha ! centra l..: d ty "unive rse" consists o f 1.8 m' llion ren t ers in substandard or c rowded Lm!ts 17 o f whom 898 1 000 had incomes under $4,000 in 1960. Of course., now he re nea r a l I of these househo lds wish to become owners. b. There w e re ac t ua ll y more renter househo lds in substandard un' ts o uts;de c entra l c ities t han ins ide th em in 1960: 1,923; 000 vs. 818 8 000. Howeve r, except for 205 , 000 local·ed in the urban fringes o f metropo litan a reas, t hese househo lds shou ld perhaps no t be co nsidered as "s lu m res idents. 11 0 is The cost o f home-owne rsh ip programs sim il a r to tha t o f ren t supp lement prog rams 8 coun t 'ng on !y direc t subsidy pay ments. The d rect rent supp lemen t s bs udy a verages about $600 per uni t per yea , as co mpared to $504 pe r uni t per yea r for scng !efamily ho me ownership a t 3% interest. Howev er, if interest losses due to below market rates are co unted, th en another $268 per un H per yea r must be added (H th e market ra t e ·s conside red to be 6%). Th s inc r~ases the per un it per year cost o f th e home- ownershop prog ram to abou t· 29% a bove that fo r th e ren t supp lement prog ram, exc luding adm in°st ra ti ve costs from both . 0 0 VI. Recommended Add st°o!1a l Researc h 1. Some o f the concepts and quant fned esta ma t es set forth abov e have been based upo n adm tted !y [n adequa t e o r unreHab le da ta. Therefore, we recommend t hat additiona l resea rc h be undertaken before the programs described here ln a re g uven flnal app rova l in concept or designed in detail. 0 0 2. Consequent ly,, re li ab le information about the fo l lowing shou ld be o bta ined: a. Ac cura t e est ·mat es of tota l operat'ng costs for mu lti -fam ily hous b g to be deve loped under any owne rsh ip program. Th e opera ti ng cost estlma t es a n d conti ngency a llowances used 1n t he above ca lcu la tions were sup p!o ed by FHA . Howeve r.v we be lieve they may be low v because opera ti ng costs no rma l!y run 60% of to ta l g ross revenue 6 and no t all funds ava il ab le for debt service are actua ll y app lied to debt service. �-12b. Th e required a tt ribut es of home owne rs in slums . Probab ly they revolve around steady emp loymen t , ·rhe a va il abi lity of mu lti p le fam ly membe rs some o f wh o m are ho me and ca n keep i"rac k of t he pro per·'·y , reasonab ly good c harac ter reco rd, etc. 0 c. The spec ifi c urban areas c lassified as s lum a reas for pu rposes o f these programs, a nd c ertain da ta about them . (1) Number o f dwe lling un its by ·' ype o f struc t ure : sma ll mu lti - fam i y, la rge mu lti - fam il y, a nd sing le fam ily . (2) Number of ho useho lds li ving t herein a nd their ma jo r inco me, ethni c , a nd fami ly size c haraderisti cs . (3) Condi t io n o f structures. d. The numbe r o f pe rso ns o r ho useho l s in i·hese areas who hav e the requ·red c harac teristi cs for ownership, abso ute ly and as a perc entage o f the tota l. e. Ways in whi c h ownersh ip programs can be ti ed into over-a ll stra i"egi es conc erning low-in co me ho using and th e ame li o ratio n o f gheHos so t hat they do no t mere ly perpet uate s lums by II lock"ng in 11 the new owners of o ld bui ldings. �=r----- -,..,-.-..,--.x,.-n.,·. ,- --·--- ··- --- --·-- --~-·-- · - . . . ' - - - - i ' t ·, j ' ~ ' . d: ·• ··., . . .. ' . Draft: IBJD/l'o/25/66 · · NEIGHBORHOOD Cf! :-:T?R PI LOT PRCGR/IJ-1 I. '. l Introduction A. Purpose of the pilot J?TOGr<".:-:r On Friday, August 19, the Pr ~sident in his Syracuse, New York, I speech asked. • • "the Secretary c f I{ou3inc; and Urban Development to set a.s his goal the est~blishmer: t --· in every ehetto .in A."llerica .-- · I of· a neighborhood center to service the people who· live there." ! .I Acco:..~din~ly initial_ steps tc ;.ro r o. fulfilling this · goal were t l I taken when, under Executive OrdE t·. 11297, t he Department of: Housing · ~ a~ Urban Development convened a meetin3 on A~gust / · / 30,; 1966; of 1 Federal agencies to develop a rE DO~t to the President and initiate . / a · program of, action to meet the Pres ident's r equest. ·1 As a re sult of a serie s of :i n'cer-agency meetings a ·plan for · ,/ l : / f ./ ,: . a program ·o f pilot projects, wh::i ch would become the first-step toward the President I s goal, haro bee_n developed. This program · will be desi gned and carried out a long t he -f ollowing lines. · 1 I 1. •X- ·X- ·X· K· ·X· -'i<· ll. ·Purnoses of a Ne ighbor hood Cent o· A neighborhood center shoulo facilitate the deliverance of ' services to people in low-inconc nei ghborhoods and .provide a broad range of health, recreation, soc ial and employment service s . More social, .health, employnent, recreation, and education services are nee<l,ed in the pover.t y c).rc~$; t.he se services need to l· ) i I· I �·2 be· decentraliied to such areas to be moGt effectively used; and ·[ these se::c.-vices- should be provic c ,'i to t he r,rectest extent possible in the context of One-Ston or T· ei. -1-,bo;:-1,oocl Center. ·. Such a center 0 would :provide adequate deliver:i o'f: these services inn co~erent, coordinated manner, reach tne tni nformecl, the isolated and alienated' I ' and :provide a .forum where the reeds of the neighborhood can 'be · e:>.1)ressed. I III.· Criteria for a Neir,hborhood Ccrtcr ¥.any variations are possfoJc in the design of neighbor~ood centerG; and local conditions, resou=c0::., 1:ced.s , choices, and p;>:-og_ra.r.is will determine specific solutions. To be considered a neighborhood center ror this pilot program, however ~ the facility must provide at a minimum a :progrEUn for the following ser vices : . 1. Inf'ormation on citizenr' ri5hts and on how and where to get services and assistancE. 2. Diagnosis of problems e nd referral to service agencies. · 3. Follow-up or outreach f 0 1· continued counseling .and services. 4. Co-ordination among aeEncies (Federal, State, local-public a nd private) supplying cervi ce s to t he neighborhood:. 5. Involvement by t he ne i f hborhood resident s. Whei;iever feasible the progrc1m for t hese ·r.iinirr.um · services should be · expanded t o :t,nclude other t ype:: of services and acti vities, depend.i ng on the needs of the particular ser·vice area. 1\lnong them are: 1. Social services . 2. A broad range of active end passive recr ~ational facilities . �------ i 3. I. I Employment informat i on. r c:E'm.·i·al , counceling and training facili tics. I / 4. I I Houcing ascistance. I 5. Acti vi tiec ·directed t o I 6. Health services includ:.ri~ cxcmi nution and consultive services. 7. Cultural enrich.-nent. -8. tl:c need.::; of tenior · ci tizer.s. Non-curricular and remc·dfa1 education. 9. Decentralization of r:m.1ty Ci ty Hall service functions to the neighborhood. The :fll'o/Sical size of t he nc·i c;hi)orhood center will depend oh the. scope of the cervi ce progr am i-,. j_:, t o h ou ::;e. I In addition to the con- · cept of the neighborhood centeJ· ~s a s incle building, consideration raa.y be Given, wher e the neig:ioc,:;.·:1ood i s small in area but dense· i n po:pulation, to the concept of r. ,st r uctu::-e havin~ many services supported by other· off ices or str.".ctu:..·e s p1·oviding su:p:porting services. ' I . I V. I. I I A l':e ir.:hbm.· hood Center Exanrole Although a cent er wi l l have mo.ny ccml)onents, such a facility :crc1.st · be organized a nd administrated · in a coherent f ashion... This would r e - I I I • l. l. l Reception , referral, cb c:i.:snos i s , :follow -up , .outr~ach, and related gener.a li zed se1 vices be performed through a com:non reception and adminir.tlcJtion system. 2. All or most of the comrunity's nocial s ervice agencies providing services of nee<' to the neighborhood . should be located in one building or witl-·in waL'l<ing distance of each other. /. / xc ... -·· , I' I r �F -===============~-==-~~ l ,___, .~~ :=:~j~. ~-•~:::;143.215.248.55::;:':;;=·. ~ ..r~- .:- · : - .. -·--..,,-......- - ·.- - .:- . · ~ - ~ =~' . -· •.•::...._ ·.:;~ - ,-::-':'::~~'.-~ ·:::::: ·a--·:·::::::::--;: ·· n~,o~'<~>;~~-~<:::-!fii~ .- *ti~ ..:..;...~/ ___:____ ~ !· ' • _ ,:·j, l I I l · 3. If smaller infonnation, u.::.ci. rc,fc-r;_·o.l or servi·c e center::; are located in the r.ei,;l1L1orhcoc1 ) they snould be related II j ! to the larger one-stop :-;crvicc cer-.'ccr. ~• I A center would be design.eel i1; a flexible manner so that · the Sl)ace ·can be utilized to the optimum· &nd sriace areas would be· ·d esigned to serve multi-functions. · The s:9acc ·.mule. i :'1.clude meeting areas, office$ . i I for counseling services, speci: llizecl service areas, and recreatior..al · facilities. J.. A neighborhood cc:1-'.:.· cr micht contain: A CAA :progra.'il componen-; i·ihich would f ocus on the organization and participation o-1' t i tc 1·csic.ents of the neighborhood. · It \. would be responsible f,n· ic1suri:nc that th~ other components of the Center work to · Ji.e i:lencfit and satisfaction of the · neighborhood. Loca l Cl.J?s mi z,.~t a l s o provide services such . as l egal a id. 2~ Recreation ·services ancl fac ilities . This might include a small outdoor recreati,m a1·ea~ •,,ith a swinnning pool when war-..canted , and a multi-·:9ur:pose gymnasium which could also be used for large gath1 ir ings) . including theatrical proa.u·c ~ions. 3. A preventative progra:.~ of healtn services which ·might i nclude a prenatal clinic, a wc:11:-baby clinic, a mental hygienic clinic and an ambul ato:·y health services clinic. 4. · An educational and cul~;ural com:9onent which would include a pre-school program o:' the HeadGtart variety, adult literacy, _special adult classes . . and drama ~ro&rams. LS well as special library, music, art l I I J �., .... 5 5 • . Employment services wot: J.c: t e an inte.zral po.rt of the Center. Information 'would be p:r0vi,;ec: 0:1 the job opportuniticz; testine; services and b ·.1:,.-::.ccl jo1) t:::.·o.ining services should be available. In additior, :::;peci:3.l jo·o oriented procra:-:is such as the Job Corps, t he I• 2ic;i'.l:orl1ooci Yoath CorJ.)s, and the Work and Training Proeram fer 91.1.blic assistance clients might also-- be coordinated t~::m::;h this part of -the Center. r 6. Assistance wi -r.11 respect to hou::;j_n:; and rc:.location should be provided in tne Center. Ict'orn:e.tion should be available on relevant local housinc r r ograms, and assistance,sha~ld be o:':fered to clients on :: ow to :i:,,prove their homes, how to ' secw.·e ·adeQuate :financi ni, and the availability .of public housing and integrated l1 ousing. 7. Family services and hchz manac0men~ is another importan~ component. Pulllic welf s.rc case wor l~crs might operate from the Center and pre ·,iicle advice and counseling to the neighborho~. Family e ricl marital counseling might be · offered as well as cons ~~er education, money management, and homemaker services. I ./ "', . .., tJ ... . SJ �. j/ , ,·/ / · •.. /- .PLANrrnrG FOR NEIGHBORHOOD PROGRA1,S . Introductioh I I i• · A neighborhood program will or~narily be one part of a larger city'W'i.de comir.unity action program. Thus questions must be asked about the city at large and the whole cor::munity action planning, along with an inquiry into the ·neighborhood. program itself'. Funds are likely to be limited so that in I:10st cases a choice of some neighborhoods must be made, either to start the city's program or to be ' . _.. -~ ' used as a. "demonstration." At the outset, reasons for preferring certain neighbqrhoods over others ( should be explored. In soce cities past social .dis"Gurbances or chronic , trouble may dictate the choice of a neighborhood for concerted social i ) · effort. There is a caveat: A city may prefer to choose neighborhoods with problems that can be dealt ·with rather quickly be.c ause succes~ . .. will be more certain and visible. Unfavo1·abh coinJ?arisons should not be made once programs a.re initiated between the more easily solved neighborhood. · problems and the knottier ones. i· The preference of one kind of neighbor- hood. over another may result from wise and responsible political. decision, ., but the basis for decisions should be understood both by the coc::ru.nity and by the federal agencies. In the attached outline we have asked a series of questions designed ·· to otter some go.tides for those evaluating neighborhood progrf!J=!S. Because these programs are so frankly ex:perimental, no such outline can provide .\ I more than a. general approach. More reliable criteria will emerge from. concrete experience with actual programs, their inevitable failures and . . ' :~_:• •:·-~·.~·~~ "'.'"'-···success~s ~• •••., .,- ·~--:-•••N'.-~~·-:~ ··." .--·-:-··.··•••·~~- •':"'--~' ,•--,.<••~~:..,;:.,-•~:"' '" ,,,-.-··-->---~-·- - ·.-:.'•·- ':, ,, - i- ~ ·· I- ...,:., . •• •• �--'-_ i-, -' 4 -=. · , ,,=-· .••,., · · ~ .. ~--·-~.·..__JI· ~-,-=,-~........ - , ___,_ .. 'c'-· __,....._ c-._.,,W __,_.......,--,..1s.... ·, . . -.............. - -. • .· ,. ·_,. ·~~· .. fe_" w ·· ·~ · . .· I . - -· ~·-· - -~ - - ,,. . ,II • . r -r . 2 A detailed knowledge of the city, the sponsors, and the over-all political context will be necessary for judg::ie_!lt. ~ each case. Still., it may be a useful exercise to try to articulate in advance so:::ie of the factors that shouJ.cl enter into evaluation, even though judgments a.re likely to be intuitive. The discussion that follows is divided into two parts: (1) criteria for defining the appropriate neighborhood; and (2) criteria for judging the substance of programs for a neighborhood. It is not inappropriate to point out that some decisions to accept or reject a proposal for neighborhood programs must be piaa.e on a primarily political basis. The Federal. progra!:l needs Congressional support and it needs the support of all the t r aditional agencies in the Executive branch / with which it must cooperate . I of any city is F1trther, the over-all political situat i on an essential i ngredient in the success or failure of a community action program and of the neighborhood program which is its natural offspri ng . This point is probably understood, if not articulated, by applicant s and evaluators alike . The f orms t o be filled out for the '. ~~pt~ - of _~ou·s·~ - &:_Ur b~ :_DevelolJ.~!1t · 'jr.ay__·· ·· set up standards and expectations., but t hey are not like aptitude t ests . A high score does not imply autooat ic admission to "school. " As long as funds a.re insufficient t o j;lermit ·:every soU!ld progral:1 t o 'be accepted., it should be understood that choices involve a variety of factors, not the least of which .is political. There is another risk. . . ·--·---·--..... The existence of complicated .forms., the pro- mulgation of standards. and the coi::J::lOn knowledge that.. choices . . .. . have to be / /·• I �made, may lead cities to imitate slavishly the type of progr8.l:l.S that have been accepted before. This could lead to rigidity -- ·a calcification which is the enemy o'f innovation and imaginative use of these special local characteristics of a city and neighborhood. Neighborhood / I , The limted experience thus far with community action programs and the longer history of settlement houses ,have led those :working with problems of organization to insist upon a small local ·area as the lowest common denominator for any new social programs. The word . ;'neighborhood" . . is used to mea:i a relatively compact geographical area and also an area which has some sort of functional cohesiveness. Before the concept of neighborhood progra:n becomes a . cliche' easily glossed over, it '!Lay be important to ask sorae questions about what may or may not be ·defined· as "neighborhood" and for what purposes. Reaching out: It is fairly well accepted now that any progra.o of social action tnl.St be broken down into local units so that it can reach out to those people who are unwilling or unable to go very far for service, either because of fear, inexperience or lack of basic skills to make use of available services, on their own. Thus the very first criterion of any_ neighbor- hood program. is that it be sufficiently local to achieve this end. Elasticity: The kind of services ottered, a.ncI ·the characteristics of the people· .- ..... . . ' - . -· .. _. :: ·--... 'I ._ ........ �~·=_--_._. ...~_-_:'"_--_:-__::-_-_...., '- _---_-_cc- ~--:-- -_.. tlo~-~ ~~A~.-- - ____ _: _-~--- .-'" • w · . _ F··· · -· . I served will affect tQe definition of "neighborhood." For example, a i. mother with a sma.ll child has a far greater physical-geographical limitation_than does an adolescent who is used to wandering the city with a gang. Could you serve them both in a neighbor center? The unit for phys- . ica1 hea1th care might be quite different from the unit for mental health care, in part because of the degree of education needed before the patient wants the services offered. A co~text of multiple services, or even ser- vices to a wide age range, indicates both elasticity of the concept of neighborhood and the arbitrariness of any definition. one center may The very fact -that offer a multiplicity of services will ~lso affect the delineation of "neighborhood." Even a single person may define his neigh- borhood very differently for different purposes -- church, school, or . . . socializing, for example. The si"t~ation becomes infinitely mo.re compli- cated when the "target population" encompasses many groups. A neighborhood may exist because of pr eexisting -services or grouping of services, for example, an eff ectively functioning settlement house wi-t h a long tradition, as in t he Nort h End, Boston, or a clinic. The Peckham Health Cent er in England created a very cohesive neighborhood for purposes . many A preex~.s.t i ng sense of community of'ten grows up because of ethnic s imilariti es or racial is olat i on. The sense of coIIII:lunity, however, may be a decept ive f actor on which to rely. An effective :preexisting service may provide a ·coI11I:1unity on which . broader services can be built and should be built. . On the other hand., . the invisible walls which create a ghetto like Harlem., create a "coI:1?:1unity; 1---,- -· ._ _ _ but.one frayed .w.;.th strife and hostility _.which may_have .to 1;,e broken down ' �- I ~ C ' • 5. into very small units to penetrate resistance that the larger cor::::rrunity reini'orces. In other words, a neighborhood has tp be a manageable unit. - If there had been trouble, hostility, delinquency ~r a high crime rate, the negative aspect of a community may argue for the arbitrary creation_ of very s~.all neighborhood units for certain kinds of services, in order that the :population ca.~ rea~ be reached and involved. Use of Personnel Affects Delineation of a Neighborhood The availability and training of the personnel to staff a neighborhood program will affect the parru:ieters of a neighborhood unit. 11,ore is meant here than the ratio of professionals to "cl.:i;ent·. ". It goes ·without saying tha.t one doctor in a clinic will serve a far-smaller population than ten. But personnel can be iI!l_portant in a qualitative sense, . as well • I ·The supporting worker can serve a.s· connective tissue ar.ong professional - -I' services. This is the worker who knows the language of the neighborhood and who is able to direct the people in it to needed services, provide follow-up, and help the person coordinate the various services that may be asser.ibled to neet his particular needs, whether welfare, medical, educational, or employment, or a combination of any or all of these, in any problem or crisis. Such personnel make ·up a psychological transpor- tation and concunication syst~~ An A store-front room may serve a block. exacyle may nake this more concrete: . In it may be neighborhood workers or urban agents who can take in.forr:iation from those on the block and steer them to adult education, eJ::ll)loyment training, work crews, mental health ' clinic, the hospital, a local lawyer, the ·hou.siog authority, etc. ~-~-- - ---~~--- of' -these services·. need -not be represented All ill -the st<;>re-tront room, but - �they must be ~ade accessible by effective workers who can coI:II:1unicate with the people ·the program is designed to serve. The urban agent be- !. coi::.es a path:f~nder for the individual in need, to all the agencies and services required. Thus the concept of "neighborhood" is in part defined by the kind of staff' available, because those who help people find their -; / ' . way through a labyrinth of services ma.1-.e the programs really accessible; I· Actual transportation is of great importance, since the inability to find one's way is so characteristic of the -·poor. Their neighborhood, for purposes, is walking radius. · Here again workers can help make exis- many ting transportation usable and therby make far-flung prog;rams accessible to a neighborhood. We have stated earlier that one varient of the definition of neighborhood is the kind of service th~at is offered. We are assuming that one goa.l i s comprehens·iveness - the offering of a group of interreJA,ted human j. services that will raise the aspirations and the opportunities of the / I 1,/ l people to be served. It is understood, then, that different services will serve different geographical areas. As pointed out, the lowest common denominator may have to be the workers who can link physically · separated services. But this is only one alternative. creation of a new instit ution designed defines the neighbor hood. There are others. For example, the t o have such great impact t hat it Consider the Comi:iu.nity School as it exists i n New Haven, Connecticut, and Flint, Michigan. They draw upon the neighbor- hood. of the families whose children attend t he school. In new Haven, Conte School is made as attractive 'f.l,th a center to~ s~nior citizens, .,..,.,..1.. .. -~ · ·- ·- -:. · ...._:. .."'_ .. _.....,_ ,,_ ',, .., .. ..... .•• -.. .....:•• .__,.._,,..,.:. _ _ __.., .......~ ...- ••:. ..-"."'........ ·· •• __ . , ... _.._ ..•.: - •.- ~· _.,:,_ ••• -- • . ~. - . . : . . . . - - - - · · .-14-• -L "i . II ,O �- . -. 3 .7 - , an auditoriun, bocci courts, a park for young mothers, and so on - that a sense . of community is created by the very fact of the institution. other neighborhood se=:vices, legal, public health, wel:fare, etc., are then brought in to this "neighborhood." the neighborhood by their creation. Other kinds of institutions may define Probabzy this is what the multi- In such cases service center in Boston (Roxbu...-J) is attempting to do. the neighborhood is geographically larger than that served by the block store-front with the "pathfinder" personnel. With a large center, staff may literally walk the streets to ·bring the people to the services con- · I . centrated in one building. - There is no a priori reason t~ prefer one I l I structure of a neighborhood program over the other. I !· i So many neighborhoods are natural neighborhoods, defined by geography; I tradition, or other boundaries that they can be seen quite readily. In ... 'the end, high deference should be given .to the local definition , of a neighborhood. However, the Office of Economic Opportunity can and should insist that the city consider the many variables, including history and I . tradition, which go into the delineation of a neighborhood unit. It should ask for careful consideration of demographic data, for detail about the ethnic background of the people in the neighborhood, the economic and educational level, employment opportunities, housing, recreation and social outlets. A well-thought out proposal is likely to be rich in this kind of.detail. - - - " ' · - - - -- -· - .--- . · ·- - ..-~ · ··~ · " · -- ~ - , . . . . . . . . .. ... • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . , . ·- · - - - ... ~ - - , ..., ,-if' .~ -, .... 1 1· .... • , , ' • •, ' I �.j -=-~ ~-=.tp--=' =:-=-:1=-·=·=·=-·==-c== =--=-=·=~c..cc··=··:.c.._~ -· ~-=r:: r:~~-·-= .--=-::::-;:.;;::_=_=_=-=.·""'t":"'=..=====c.:.._""_==__= .c~'i! "-L "' J: ' 8 THE PROGRAM ·I The substance of the program is no less i.J!;portant than the delination of the neighborhood, and must be adapted to this delineation. I • The first overall re~uirement for a.cy program is the involve:ir.ent of the people to be served in the planning and then the operation of the programs designed to serve theo. l. It is not easy to involve the inarticulate poor, for whom organization is not a familiar phenomenon, but it is possible and it is essential. One · clear goal must be to reduce dependency in all areas, ·not to increase it. . This means that arry "tender plant" of a neighborhood, organization :ir.ust I· be built upon -- a.cy indigenous leadership that is at all constructive must be involved in the planning process. \ A list of needs outlined in the program planning stage, health, education, jobs, etc. should indicate how these needs are felt by the pop~ation. It is difficult to establish criteria from Washington to assure this, but there must be some warning signal of local indifference to neighborhood participation in a program. Furtherz:iore, it is so i~- portant that if there is arry doubt, a field tr~p might be worthwhile. We can anticipate antipathy and resistance to the organization and voice of the poor • . But these are risks that must be.accepted as natural and inevitable and perhaps even welcomed as evidence of involvement. Survey of Existing Services A pr oposal should include a survey of existing socia.J. services and education., including, if possible, cost statistics and th~ ratio of -,1 • • ..:.._ __ ~ • •_ .. . . , / _ . ......... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . - ~~ - professional and supportive personnel to the neighborhood population. I It �9· would be useful to learn how accessible existing services are which reach the segnents of the nei ghborhood population. build on ;preexisting services , and i f not, Is the new plan going to why not" Often there are good reasons, but as often, a natural center for people, for exSJ:lple, a priest whose church has become a focus for inf'o:rmal social services, may be ignored and a new artif icial center created. Relations wi.th Existing Agencies In some cases there r:iay be value in by-passing existing social service agencies. In ·other cases this may be politically unwise pr unwise because of the strength of an agency. In th,e case of a strop.g well-supported agency, it is entirely possible that a neighborhood program should devel- I rI op from one di scipline or area of Iservice. For example, if the Board of Education were strong and innovative, t he idea of a COI:llllunity 5-C:~Oo_l might be the basis for t he nei ghborhood program and education . would then be t he nucleus . I f there were already a co:mnunity mental health cent er with local support, mental healt h could' be the nucleus of the community action pr ograo. Thus, in the Bronx, New York, a community action pro- gram is emerging from a mental health center out of t he Albert Eins t ein Medical School (Dr. Harris Peck) . In other citi es, t he _Youth Employment, or Opportunity Center has already become a familiar and accepted part of neighborhood and so a comprehensive program erierges with the el:!ployment or job training at its core. The judgment probably should be i:::ade "on the grou.:id." Although comprehensiveness of services riay be the ·goal, it is entirely . --·- ~-· ~--...possible·•"'t hat . ·a s ..a""beg:foni'ng 's 't ra tezy ··ror ·.i,oli ti~al; ..financial,· -or even ' �': xr::·_ ,. . 1: . ~7? · L C :i-----~--~- ---~--~:.. -. ,._. -==-=---=- L .~1 -· , · · 10 I ,1 social reasons, a si::lpler or even segi:1entalized progrru;i shotld be created. In other words, a city might want to start _with health~ education only, and slowly add employoent and perhaps much ,later deal with teenage recreation. Or, there r;,ay be an assault on the problem of teenage delinq~eccy which re~uired an across-the-board approach directed to that age group only, leaving fai:dlies and senior citizens for later. It is possible to choose to work only with the families of very young children or those children themselves, on the theory that the very young a.re the most salvageable part of the population. The reasons behind any of these or ether choices :oay have validit-J, in teros of short e.n~ I:ledill!:l range strategy, but they ,I:lust not become the excw.; e for abandoning the objective of a coqirehensive progra..~. ' \ The planned use of staff, including provision for training _should be examined carefu.1.ly. To ~hat extent does a neighborhood prograo search out indigenous workers, to what extent rely on outsiders? have connecting links to outside services been planned? plan to How A:re they suffi- cient to ma.~e all of the services truly accessible to the population of the neighborhood? Some provision should be made for working out a relationship of cooperation and connection among the traditional agencies and institutions which will either work with, control in part, or i.c:pede a neighborhood program. Friction may be inevitable, but its destructive aspect should be m nimized at the planning stage. A ;,very current exBJ:Iple of this is the creation of neighborhood legal services in liew Haven and in Washington, - - - - · -=--···r- n ~c:--±n- frew Haven, at present, ~liere·-1s ·serious opp~sit .i on °fr9m the �-_-,-_-_. ._-_~--------_-_..._-_-__ -.-.,.-~_-_ :~ . . .-O -,;~.:143.215.248.55-,.~-.. ~~-: .,_ · ,C"" .'.:'._-_-_::::::=::==::----- I,, • ll ,. organized bar which has slowed down the program seriously. In Washington, . the Bar Association and Legal Aid were involved at each step of pla.'llli~ and have thus far given strong support. Including the traditional serrice agencies in the planning process as much as possible and drawing upon their skill a:id experience may substitute cooperation f?r friction. The interrelationship of citywide or even state agencies is a question more directly related to the evaluation of· an entire community action program then for judging the specifics of the neighborhood proposal. Al.so a larger matter is the area of the whole question of information gathering and disse:crinating devices, com.~unication, data .and 9ollection, both formal and informa.J.. There are more ways of assuring effective com- munication than can be listed .here. Citywide newspaper coverage, radio, TV, are the ones first considered.1.- The functional illiteracy of many of the people who z:iost need to be reached means that person-to-:,perl:i_? n '.comI munication, and contact th.rough the places most frequented, whether bar or church, is the basis for an effect ive cor.:i:nunica.tions network that ought to be in every neighborhood picture. ~er a Prog:ram has been Accepted. The styl e of initiat i on of a pr ogram is ·something that should be r egarded with gr eat interes t . In s ome sit uations a quiet launching might be preferable t o one with fanfare. Crisis exploitation, cris i s creation, . and timing must all be con:sidered. We would want to know early what obstacles are anticipated and which obstacles are in fact faced. • ~ · - - · ·· · - - ... - · .,4 . . _ _ _ _ ·Il.1.itaracy, 1:8,ck of social cohesiveness, and · a.pa.thy r:,ay be· prevalent __a.lmost ev.e ry place that a program is co?J,templa.ted. • ••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • �' 12 I i ifaat are the plans to deal with them? l How are some of . these obstacles considered in the attempt to involve the neighborhood in Dlanning its own progra:n? f i' It is hard to anticipate whether a program will become rigid or calcified. We have already indicated the possibility that a~pllcation forms, or rumors of hard choices a:nong cities, may cause a proposing co~unity to take a "safe route." If it is made clear from the outset that all of I/ these programs are frankly experimental and that innovation is desired and that _constant feedback and evaluation, as well as program initiative at lower levels, are desirable, rigidity nay be avoided in ~ny places. I . There should be mechanisms for anticipating cris~s or resistance that may ,1- come from the mobilization of a neighborhood. •Progra.o effectiveness o:ften means the assertion or creat~on of a p@litical force which will be ' . fought. There are ways to lay the ground for significant changes, __al- though resistance or even outcry may be inevitable. The situation of the rent strikes in Mobilization for Youth and the political repercussions, raise the question of what kind of preparation might be most effective. Evaluation Plans for evaluating a neighborhood proposal must be built into the proposal from the beginning. This is a subject for another document. The whole area of comounity action is too new for us to be aware in ad- I/ I vance of the many causes of lags in progress or even failure. Feedback mu.st be rapid and constant. We would want to know who is evaluating the neighborhood program and --· . against what criteria • . Is it part of a larger evaluation scheme of a , · '/ �13 .citywide community action progrru:i? and Are there any plans to test theories conclusions against other neighborhood programs in the same and other cities? Long-range goals shouJ.d be broken down into sequenti_al. steps. tnl.St have a planning period beyond the first allocation of funds. Ea.ch But detailed plans should be worked out at shorter intervals _than overall plans and broken down in such a way that parts of a program. can be looked at separately i'rOI:J. other parts of the overall structux~. We would 'Wa!lt to know how often., what kind, and to whom reports are made; how much personal contact is there by the evaluators; how are they trea~ed at progra:;i headquarters., - ignored., exploited or self-supported? Are periodic reviews carried out? 'I Are the goals st.u.""'ficiently formulated in the beginning so that we couJ.d ask later on whether the plans were fulfilled? r -- Whether they were · SJ:1ended? How recent and bow severe and how i're~uent were the amendments? We would want to know whether the evaluation is set up in such a way that side effects could be anticipated or observed, if they occurred. We would be loath to set up any machanical criteria for judging the effectiveness of a comprehensive neighborhood program. course., each with some limited value. There are so~e, of For example, the concept of in- creasing life-long earning power, or, a reduction in _unem:plo~ent, the increase of staying power (retention) of yo\.lllg people in high school drop- I ' ·--··-· I I . outs., in illegitimate births., lowering crime r ate., family break-up, hospital admission., and so on. __ ...... ~-- · mu.st be enployed., ., Probably all of these statistical measures but each· should be.looked at quantitatively to see ' �,· I !I 14 l 1- whether, in fact, it tests the social condition we think it does. -· ample, an increase .. in employment For ex- is a good thing; but if. the -N~gr-oes continue to hold only t'lenial, lower paid jobs, the -eI.1ployment program is no success. If our goal is the tullest development of the resources and capacities of each h\.2::lan being, then we will not be satisfied with· any simple statistical measures. These will be only our mechanical sta.rting .:points. The aspirations of any neighborhood program should escalate with success • ·' ... '- / .. .-. l ...- . . .. . . .. . . . . .,_ .. . _•• • • - .._... . . . . ,. . . . . ·- · , _ , ...... . · - ··- -. . . . . . . . . .. ~ - - .. - - " .. - · ... - - , ... - _... _ ------ . .11 . . . . ... , • .,.. ·- ·- · ·· · •• • �' J . '· - / ::· ;-::'t ·.,. O' P t . . · -" ZS .L,. OUTLINE Neighborhood Programs: A. Some Questions Social Framework l. r E:::iergence of planning ·a. · In general, what conditions J.ed to the emergence of this specific _neighborhood plan? b. Who wi-ote the proposal? c. What is his (their) relation to the neighborhood? I d. Were neighborhood people involved in th~ planning? e. · I,f so, how were they involved? f. To what extent have planning concepts or methods been borroHed from other proposa1sz · g. What attempts have been made to adapt transplanted concepts to the neighborhood? I h. What is the role of tbe outside advisor iri the neighborhood planning? -· . i. 2. What opposition has there been? '·. Social and political environment a. How is the nei ghborhood defined? b. Wnat criteria were used to determine the limits of the neighborhood? -- phys ical geography? -- population to be served? --- service pr oposed? combination of above? / / I I .·· c. Has~ inventory been made? Geographic Historic. • . . . . . .. . . - • ... . • - ~ - _••• • - .. ... , • • 1. , . . . . . .. · -.- · \ �2 Demo~aphic (length of residence; population turnover; cot:II;J.uting patterns for work, play, health; education; etc·. ) Ethnic Health ?l..ental health Economic · (individual fa.mizy income; places of employment: Do dollars circulate in neighborhood or flow out, etc.) Housing · Social (num.oers and tYJ;)es of organizations, churches, neighborhood groups, etc.) F.ducation (education of people, ntl!llber and tsJl)es of schools, etc.) Power structure (fon:al and informal) . Values an.cl morale (e. g. suspicion; what ability does the · neighborhood have ,to cope with its proble:tS?) .. Mobile ability d. _ To what e..~tent is the neiehborhood dependent upon outside resources for jobs; medical care, welfare, education, recreation, inspiration? 3. What social services are now available to the neighborhood? a. What is the per capita ·dollar a.I:lount for social services? b. What is the ratio of social 'service · perso:r:i..."lel to the neighborhood population? ( B. Goal formation .... i- l. Hierarchy of goals a. What are the overriding goals .and how are lesser goals subordinated to them? b. What criteria were used to establish priorities of goals? c. · ·W'aa.t do the neighborhood people thi.Dk · their needs a.re? ., �~(J .. I ·. f· .: --::- - -·- -_,, __--· ..,., I' I I I 3 I- I d. What are the n~~ds for: Health I . F.ducation Work, jobs, inco~e . . "Skills-of-livi~" Social cohesiveness .Advocacy: .I 2. l ., legal and constl!!ler Have the neighborhood people been involved in establishing the . goals? 3. Are the programs intended to ma.~e the people less dependent and more able to cope, or are they merely hand-outs w~ich Will keep the people dependent? ' I- 4. Are long-range goals and purposes for the neighborhood specified? 5. How does this specific proposal fit into the long-rang objectives? .. , 6. Does it meet Federal criteria of desegregation? C. Decision-ma.~ing l. / I I / Institutional network a. Do neighborhood organizations already exist? b. Is there an identifiable central neighborhood authQrity · responsible f or this program? c. What is the relationship between this authority and the existing service agencies -- Federal, state, local, public and privete? d. Should this program be part of an already existing agency? / 2. Precess of decision-making a. What are the attitudes of the traditional agencies to this progra:n? b. ,Are. there ar.y institutional mechanisns for consulting other ___ .. _.... . .. age·n cies- and pressure groups ( traue unions, qhurches, business · organizations , poll ti cal pa.rties) ? What are the me·c hanisms? ·- .- . .. - -. .: ··· ·~--. -_.. -- ·- .. . . - - . - - . ·:. _ . --- -·- - - �} '-·__ ·_- _-_--·~-:::::::::::::::: '":::::: ·-:::: · :::::::~::::4,~ I· ====~-~-=-~ ~~ ._. .,_ ·=· ~~- :=::;::;±:::::: " =·· ·=·"":= ________ ------:---- = c;;... ·- 2Eb=~;;;;;;;;;;;:;~ ~ . ...... - . .. t ~- ,, - - - ~ - - - : . , _ _ _ , .,_,c.:;:-.;,,~------------,-.\..J-· .:_ ~ . ~· 4 6. Does it meet Federal criteria of desegregation? C• . Decision-~aking l. . .. ] Institutional network - a. ... Do neighborhood organizations already exist? . b. Is there an identifiable central neighborhood authority responsible for this program? c. What is the relationship between this authority and the existing service agencies-Federal, state, local, public and private? d. Should this program be ·part of an already existing agency? · 3, / /· . ./· ·/ 2. Process of decision-making . a.. What are the attitudes of · the traditional agencies to this progra=i.? b. A:re there any institutional mechanisms for • I ',1 consulting other agencies and pressure groups (trade unions, churches, business organization~, political parties)? What are the mechanisms? c. .- :. ·,. ·.. 1· . What are the mechanisms used to rec·o gnize and handle frictions among the agencies, groups and this program? ,I I d. What are the differences ·in goals and methods between this program and other agencies and groul)s? e. A:re the people involved to whom the program is addressed? t. Is the factual material on which the plan is based accessible to the public~ g. To what extent is pJ.annixig and decisionmaking public? ·, • ·. · ~ .- ·---· ·- ... - . -.-.,. .. . ·-..., . . ........ ·~ l _ ·.. I. \ . . . . . . . .... ... ~._... .., . . ,. ., ... _- · :·. - ·-,. ~ ·. - . , .,... .... . - - --- _j_ �-- - . ·- - ·- ~'.: ·- - - '!: ..___ : U ~ J :. ,> . ·:·.' ·,~- . . -~-~ ::.__ ) I ' .. · ·.. •: -- c c:.-~r::-t·:~""tr1·:CE Gi·J !IOr5I(,iG FO~ THF; P00I{ EUD n:1d o::o i:m ulcl invite t w.:.n ty of the 1.i.oct kno;.;ledgct1.ble pc.opl_e in the fi eld c,Z hou3in3 the p oor , to .:a. t •.10- day C O'.'l:::°C;'.'~ncc . The c.ceting is for c o:·,t.ul t.o.tio::i. ead the public "1 i ll not be i'cw:l.t:ucl, althou zh oth.:-:r Fcdcrel 1,:g2ncf. es '!:tc purpose of this c01:i.fo:.:-r.cncc i s t o evaluate . tho fccsibi li ty of provici i~~-t~ y c:lr.:; , .::t ~rices tt,lo poor C'.:.n ~ffo:-d . 1-J ~ er-~ secl-d113 from this confcren.(..e (l) eco:10.ni-: .:nd :.-:;ucial tc:i:w ; and (2) identif ication of il lte;..1Et ivc pt·ogr.:1.ms o~ housing o·.r.: il.r,blc f or the 3.3 r.1illion r,,o or · househo l d:3 b 1.<, t i1ould otherw i r;e occU?Y substand~rd or overcrowded u~it ~ cy 1970 . }!-::re specifi cally thcr~ will be c.n idcntifica.tioa oi the obstucies involved cutU:v:d . Tbe c onf f~ rencc will i::,(;! c entered nrott-id f:l.ve issues: '"rd/or cle,n ~nce arc n.,::;cds;:d; the cozl.:.s involved ; capjb ility of occup~~tt:: to r,sy; present locc1t1ons of subct~nd.1rd c:nits; oo-.uposition o:Z occupcnts by l"c.1c ~, avtil ilClbility of lsrd; .nr<:l1it ,i ctural end city planning concerna; th-3 t e -::rmolo.;- ica l problem~ and opportunities of a lar~e-Dcale buildins and ~ebuil<lin3 �. " ()(I ,.:' .. V • · ..... ___. • . , .... .. _. ·) p:C,J2;i•o:n; t t~ d1i1it:i C:S nf C,,i;;ting er prO?OS·~ d inGtitutions (fii.,,.:nc:e, (1) to achtc.J(.! die c r:,nccrr.plrlted voh.n~ in five ye~n:·s , ,m<l (2 ) indus try .nnd conrit::ructicn cost:, ; t ht:i effect on the v.:i lues end c o~·~d il: icn of 8Ci sti~'l.~ houGin3 c.nd n,3i2,hb orhoods; cfficie.ncies thti.t might r esult frc::.1 a iinZtnc ing the; prosr~mn . 4. Th:~ Soc 1;:i 1 Issues . The questions of gh~tl:oizing or de c ent.re lizin3 t he counseling .:ind bnck-up scr.v ic0:; i-cquircci; t he proble1':'\S of inst~ 1.U.n::, .n n,c :-;n:::; to this housing . o f pro gra;.·,s ; the nu·::Dcr of units to be ck:vclopcd :E::o~.i er.ch pro2,r::.:·::1; th.:: To t~kc tl11s .a wor.::;.:h ile cc..-1 £crcnce., so t h!l t ell p.:lrt1 cipc..i.t;5 ,-:. re t •. 11:i.:~c •, 0~o t 1Jo• b.our scosi on r.11 ll oe. dcv·:.:tcd to f'...;';.Ch cf. the fi r s t fou r p:;t"t icipont 1n each :Held \JO'~ll cl out line .nnd chair e zdt s e.::;s ion . each punel ~ill ~a C~'PC~tcd to cubsequontly prepare a suri:;;.iary. c.11-c.c?.rj o.: Tb.:1 i~~o -·1:;:..ato4-· ct � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 17, Complete Folder Box 22 Box 22 Folder 17 Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/58db822b9370edfff27dbc00ac3e9a18.pdf b3ae71fa86e0645d54a5d3664d3af639 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. November 29 , 1966 Mrs. Mary R. Carl en Administrative Officer Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D. C . D ar Mi s Carlsen: Enclosed i th request for per diem for Mayor Allen, along with airline coupon for air travel to Washington on Sunday, Nov mbe:r 27th. He hould b reimburse for the $80. 00 ir transportation. and the one day per dNm. Do 1 a sume correctly that since h is on $100. 00 p r di m that only tran portation ie r imbu~eable? Sincerely, Mr • Ann Mos � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document November 29, 1966 Mrs. Mary R. Carlsen Administrative Officer Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D. C. Dear Miss Carlsen: Enclosed is the request for per diem for Mayor Allen, along with airline coupon for air travel to Washington on Sunday, November 27th. He should be reimburse for the $80, 00 air transportation, and the one day per déém. Do lassume correctly that since he is on $100. 00 per diem that only transportation is reimbursable? Sincerely, Mrs. Ann Moses  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 57 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/02118023e717be17d9f70bfc11a9bca7.pdf 65e15d7530a59be3f6a128bc7ead3800 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. CITY OF A.T L.Ar'\JT.A I. CITY HALL March 8, 1967 ATLANTA. OA. 30303 I Tel. 522-4463 Area Code 404 IVAN ALLEN, JR ., MAYOR R. EARL LANDERS, Administrat ive Assistant Mr. Paul Ylvisaker MRS. ANN M. MOSES, Eiecutive Secretary DAN E. SWEAT, JR., Director of Covernmenul Liaison Professor Julian Levi Mr. Ben Alexander Mr. Edwin C. Berry Mr. Bill Hooper Mr. Stuart Chapin Mr. Anthony Downs Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz Mr. Richard Leon~ Mr. Gordon Macinnes Mr. Lyle Carter Mrs. Joan Dunlop Mr. Cliff Goltl~an I am delighted that you have come to Atlanta to continue our important deliberations. I hope you will have time to see our beautiful city. . f· I . I The following arrangements have been made, all in the Atlanta Marriott Motor _H otel: Thursday morning - 9:30 a.m. the meeting will be held in the Thornwood Room on the Ballroom Level. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p.m. in Tara Room No. 3 on the same level. The meetit:ig will reconvene after lunch in the Thornwood Room. I would like for you to be my guests for dinner Thursday evening in the Twelve Oaks Room on the Ballroom Level. Cocktails will be served at 8:00 p.m. and dinner at 8:30. I should hope that Mrs. Levi and Mrs. Berry would join us also. Friday morning - 9:30 a.m. the meeting will continue in the Thornwood Room. ~ ~ Lunch will be served at one o'clock in Tara Room No. 3. I have asked Earl Landers, Dan Sweat, Collier Gladin and Bill Bassett of my staff to be with us at lunch to answer any questions regarding Atlanta's Demonstration Cities application. Assistant Secretary Taylor will arrive during Friday morning and be with us through lunch. My secretary, Mrs. Ann Moses, can be reached by telephone, 688-2659, in case you have any questions upon your arrival. . l � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document CITY OF ATLANTA © ‘CITY HALL ATLANTA, GA. 30303 March 8, 1967 Tel. 522-4463 Area Code 404 IVAN ALLEN, JR., MAYOR , R. EARL LANDERS, Administrative Assistant Mr, Paul Ylvisaker MRS. ANN M. MOSES, Executive Secretary Pr of essor Julian Levi DAN E, SWEAT, JR., Director of Governmental Liaison Mr. Ben Alexander Mr, Edwin C, Berry Mr. Bill Hooper Mr. Stuart Chapin Mr. Anthony Downs Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz Mr. Richard Leone \ Mr. Gordon MacInnes Mr. Lyle Carter Mrs, Joan Dunlop Mr. Cliff Geldman I am delighted that you have come to Atlanta to continue our important deliberations. I hope you will have time to see our beautiful city. The following arrangements have been made, all in the Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel: Thursday morning = 9:30 a.m. the meeting will be held in the Thornwood Room on the Ballroom Level. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p.m, in Tara Room No. 3 on the ; same level. The meeting will reconvene after lunch in the Thornwood Room, I would like for you to be my guests for dinner Thursday evening in the Twelve Oaks Room on the Ballroom Level. Cocktails will be served at 8:00 p.m. and dinner at 8:30. I should hope that Mrs. Levi and Mrs. Berry would join us also. Friday morning - 9:30 a.m. the meeting will continue in the Thornwood Room, 2, + Lunch will be served at one o'clock in Tara Room No. 3, I have asked Earl Landers, Dan Sweat, Collier Gladin and Bill Bassett of my staff to be with us at lunch to answer any questions regarding Atlanta's Demonstration Cities application, Assistant Secretary Taylor will arrive during Friday morning and be with us through lunch, My secretary, Mrs, Ann Moses, can be reached by telephone, 688-2659, in case you have any questions upon your arrival,  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 56 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/b62223f0f6aa8aa9fbdca7dae2096b52.pdf a7facd8b7c7c2e9413c58248002cf5a1 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. ~Ttf'f , , , - , , fl. .. .-,)·. '•;' .'-" ,-,·;--,.,~1,:1.'•,, f •: ,-): t'., •-}";,:-·-~·-. ';r~ ,. • ~- ~ C TYO~ .ATLANT.A ·. ~ .. . . i .-:• .,, / . .,:, , > ., - ' I . .' ' • .-,; \\ f• ' CITY HALL March 8, 1967 ,r ' ,. , . / 1 ~~;:1c' ATLANTA, GA. 30303 Tel. 522-4463 Are a Cod e 404 IVAN ALLEN, JR., MAYOR Mr. Paul Ylvisaker Professor Julian Levi Mr, Ben Alexander Mr. Edwin C. Berry Mr. Stuart Chapin Mr. Anthony Do.wns Mr, Ezra Ehrenkrantz Mr. Richard Leone Mr. Gordon Maclnnes Mr. Lyle Carter Mrs. Joan Dunlop R. EARL LANDER S, Admi nistrative Assi stant MRS . AN N M. MOSES , Executive Secre tary DAN E. SWEAT, JR ., Director of Governm ental liaison I am delighted that you have come to Atlanta to continue our important deliberations. I hope you will have time to see our beautiful city. The following arrangements have been made, all in the Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel: Thursday morning - 9:30 a.m. the me e ting will be held in the Thornwood Room on the Ballroom Level. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p . m. i n Ta ra Room No . 3 on the same level . The meeting will reconvene a f te r lunch in the Thornwood Room. I would like fo r you to be my guests f o r dinne r Thu r sday evening i n t he Twelve Oaks Room on the Bal l r oom Leve l . Cockta i l s wi ll be s e rved a t 8:00 p.m . a nd dinner at 8: 30 . I should hope that Mrs . Levi and Mrs . Be r ry wou ld j oin us a lso . Friday morning - 9 : 30 a.m. the meet i ng wi l l conti nue in the Thornwood Room. ~ Lunch will be served at one o'c l ock in Tara Room No. 3. I have asked Earl Lande rs, Dan Sweat, Coll ier Gladin and Bi ll Bassett of my staff to be with us at lunch to answer any questions regarding Atlanta's Demonstration Cities application . Assistant Secretary Taylor will arrive during Friday morning and be with us through lunch. My secretary, Mrs. Ann Moses, can be reached by telephone, 688-2659, in case you have any questions upon your arrival. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document CITY OF ATLANTA * CITY HALL ATLANTA, GA. 30303 March 8, 1967 Tel. 522-4463 Area Code 404 IVAN ALLEN, JR., MAYOR R. EARL LANDERS, Administrative Assistant Mr. Paul Ylvisaker MRS, ANN M. MOSES, Executive Secretary Professor Julian Levi DAN E. SWEAT, JR., Director of Governmental Liaison Mr. Ben Alexander Mr. Edwin C, Berry Mr. Stuart Chapin Mr. Anthony Downs Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz Mr. Richard Leone Mr. Gordon MacInnes Mr. Lyle Carter Mrs. Joan Dunlop I am delighted that you have come to Atlanta to continue our important deliberations. I hope you will have time to see our beautiful city. The following arrangements have been made, all in the Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel: Thursday morning - 9:30 a.m. the meeting will be held in the Thornwood Room on the Ballroom Level. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p.m, in Tara Room No. 3 on the same level. The meeting will reconvene after lunch in the Thornwood Room. I would like for you to be my guests for dinner Thursday evening in the Twelve Oaks Room on the Ballroom Level. Cocktails will be served at 8:00 p.m. and dinner at 8:30. I should hope that Mrs. Levi and Mrs. Berry would join us also. Friday morning - 9:30 a.m, the meeting will continue in the Thornwood Room. , um Lunch will be served at one o'clock in Tara Room No, 3. I have asked Earl Landers, Dan Sweat, Collier Gladin and Bill Bassett of my staff to be with us at lunch to answer any questions regarding Atlanta's Demonstration Cities application. Assistant Secretary Taylor will arrive during Friday morning and be with us through lunch. My secretary, Mrs. Ann Moses, can be reached by telephone, 688-2659, in case you have any questions upon your arrival.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 55 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/c74f8e31dd28fa1b9b599f6654895809.pdf 2413415fb113845effa4fc1fa7a6b56e Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Mrs . Joyce Sewell Executive O ffices Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel Courtland at Caln Atlanta , Georg ia. Dear Joyce: I have some definite information on our Important, confidential dignitaries who will be staying ond meeting at th Marriott n xt week. I will list them by name, address, and room ~ qu irements, and hope that you could preregister them: Name and Addree Room Requirements Mr. H. Ralph Taylor HUD Wash ington, D. C. Singl • arriving March 9 Check out March I0 Sing! - arriving March 9 Ch ck out Mar<:h 10 Mr. Paul Ylvi1Gker ford Foundation 477 Madison Aven . New York, New York J rv \Mar<;h ~ ~t-affernoon of__Morch Mr. Single .. He. will arrive on D lea 186 at 5;40 a.m. on Morch 8 and wontt to sl ep ffi balanc of morning. He will check out March 10. Golito, California I C\ Double room ... arriving March 9 n Alexander Re ar4-h Corp. 6300 Hol I i,ter Av•. l 0 Prof. & Mrs . Ju lion Lev I University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Oefe / ~~"': S i n9U'i gvv~in lee!)fflg_g!... ~ Mr. and Mra. Edwin C. rry Chicago Urban L ogu 4500 South Michig n Av nu Chicago, Illinois ch ck out afternoon of March 10 Double • Arriv March 8 D po,tmM rch 10 �Mrs . Joyce Sewe 11 March 6, 1967 Name and Address Room Requirements Mr . Stuart Chapin Unive rsity of North Caro lina Ch ape I Hil I , North Caro Ii na Single ... Late arriva l March 8 - check out March 10 J Mr . Anthony Downs Rea l Estate Research Corp. 73 West Monroe Street Chicago, Illinois Sing le ... Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 J Mr . Ezra Ehrenkrantz Bui ld ing Systems Development Corp . 120 Broadway Son Francisco, California Sing le ,.. Arrival March 8 Depart March .10 (I don't have flight info on him, but it might be an unusual ti me) Mr. RlchC1rd C. Leone Wash ington, D. C. Single "" Arriv late March 8 • depart March 10 Mr . Gordon Mac Inn s Asst. to Mr . L one Washington, D. C. Single • Arrive late March 8 - d parhnMarch 10 1 \J (Yv -qJou"J {/ This is I n than we originally discussed ••• F)irte instead of 16 rocms. Our meeting room set up will be fine, but would still lik to us Tara 3 for the lunch on ach day. Actua lly, th one o•clock lunch time on Friday i5 xc II nt, as th y wi II conclud th me ting at the late lunch on . My ten tat iv figur for th · luncheon on Thursdoy will ~ t 12: 30 and 15 on Friday at 1:00 o•<;lock. Please h Ip me ki p this confidential as to th m ting. It is perfectly ok for th individual names to appear on th hot I regi$tration. Sincere ly, Mn . Ann M. Moses Ex cutiv S er tory � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document A J. (Mf. V Mrs. Joyce Sewell Executive Offices Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel Courtland at Cain Atlanta, Georgia Dear Joyce: 5 (N« xf (7/ie Ay ke CBs ~ Me GQ oh, lw Bohn ‘ De. ,) O bw Daa OP - Mew GA- od Sech, fo Mey | have some definite information on our important, confidential dignitaries who will be staying and meeting at the Marriott next week. | will list them by nome, address, and room requirements, and hope that you could pre= register them: Name and Address Mr. H. Ralph Taylor HUD Washington, D. C. MrsTaybor's Assistant Mr. Paul Yivisaker Ford Foundation 477 Madison Avenue New York, New York Prof. & Mrs. Julian Levi University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Mr. Ben Alexander Defense Research Corp. 6300 Hollister Ave. / Golita, California Mr. and Mrs. Edwin C. Berry _ Chicago Urban League 4500 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, illinois ao Room Requirements Single = arriving March 9 Check out March 10 Single = arriving March 9 Check out March 10 of March Double room = arriving March 9 check out afternoon of March 10 Single = He will arrive on Delén 186 at 5:40a.m. on March 8 and wants to sleep the balance of morning. He will check out March 10, Double « Arrive March 8 DepartmMarch 10 Mrs. Joyce Sewell Name and Address Mr. Stuart Chapin University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Mr. Anthony Downs Real Estate Research Corp. 73 West Monroe Sireet Chicago, Illinois Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz Building Systems Development Corp. 120 Broadway San Francisco, California Mr. Richard C. Leone Washington, D. C. Mr. Gordon Macinnes Asst. to Mr. Leone Washington, D. C. March 6, 1967 Room Requirements Single = Late arrival March 8 = check out | March 10 Que Qd asad Single = Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 Single = Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 (i don't have flight info on him, but it might be an unusual time) Single = Arrive late 3? March 8 + depart March 10 Single = Arrive late March 8 = departmMarch 10 This is less than we originally discussed . . . nit@ instead of 16 rooms. Our meeting room set up will be fine, but would still like to use Tara 3 for the luncheon each day. Actually, the one o'clock lunch time on Friday is excellent, as they will conclude the meeting at the late luncheon. a. My tentative figure for the luncheon on Thursday will be as at 12:30 and 15 on Friday at 1:00 o'clock, Please help me keep this confidential as to the meeting. It is perfectly ok for the individual names to appear on the hotel registration. Sincerely, Mrs. Ann M, Moses Executive Secretary  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 54 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/b87aa550a33a16c955a43dcac4c5d591.pdf ae4e0a7a417c1331f13769cf7fbe4882 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. March 7, 1967 MEMORANDUM TO Buzz Ryan FROM Ann Moses Attached is the outline I am giving those attending the Mayor's meeting rch 9 • 10, for your information. Assist nt Secretary Ralph Taylor, will NOT need hotel accommodations, as he is ritving Friday morning for the meeting only. We will ve twelve people for lunch on Thursday in T ra 3 ••• We will h ve 20 people for cocktail (8:00) dinn r (8:30) Thursd y evening th the Twelve Oaks Room. If po sible, I would like one table, c ndles, flowers nd a speci l menu. Umia;fyat luahh we will have i3 for lunch. Bnclo ed are notes to be delivered when the p ople rriv. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document March 7, 1967 MEMORANDUM TO : Buzz Ryan FROM : Ann Moses Attached is the outline I am giving those attending the Mayor's meeting March 9 - 10, for your information. Assistant Secretary Ralph Taylor, will NOT need hotel accommodations, as he is arriving Friday morning for the meeting only. We will have twelve people for lunch on Thursday in Tara 3... We will have 20 people for cocktails (8:00) dinner (8:30) Thursday evening th the Twelve Oaks Room. If possible, I would like one table, candles, flowers and a special menu. i Thideggyat luchh we will have i for lunch, Enclosed are notes to be delivered when the people arrive.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 53 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/b4b29e1ecbcadaf0875a2abe25a60e18.pdf 25c5b3bd2dac10e181bc5f84e575919d Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Task Fore Me ting in Atlanta, Ga. MQroh 9.,. 10 I ' / j - '--· v. ~ v M riibers of Commissi<?h IM•O -- - Mayor ivan Allen, Jr . . Atlanta, Georgia O thers Attending I Mr. rf. Ralph Taylor ·, 1 Mr. Paul Ylvisoker Ford Foundation 1 I 1 D fense R search Corp. GoHta, Catlfornia Prof. Julian Levi (Mrs . L vi) I Mr. Bi 11 Hooper Offic of Scienc and Technology Washington, D. C . II Univ rsity of Chicago Chicago, Illinois l-,IJ . Edwin C. Betry (Mrs. Chteago Urbon leagv I Mr . Cliff Goldman Dept. of Community Affa irs Tr nton, N . J . New York Mr. Ben Al xander ' Assistant Secretary HUD Washington, D. C. \ t Atlanta P, ople .rry) f R. Earl Land l'5 (Mn. Landers) Admin . Assistant to Mayor I 11 Chicago, lllinoi• -. Stvart Chopin University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina \ Dan E. Sweat, Jr . ( &. Sweat) Director of Gov rnm ntal Liai50n 1 I'- 'I . Co lli r E. Glod in City Planning Engln r Mr . Anthony Down R 1 Esto arch Corp. Chicqgo, Illinois l ' Planning O partm nt Mr,. Exro Ehr nkranb l Ann Moses Mayorts Office ~ Building Sy t s D lopm nt Corp. San Ft nciaeo, Dalif. . ·y ' \ 0 • Richard C. Le W Jn ton, D. C. t ' t-h . Gordon W _ In n, D. C. I ' 1 x • Dunl New Y. k, N. Y. ' ~ ~- "1-~ '1)~ , I :L ~ I 'D~ic , , , l} J\J,v\~ C)iv 1vt , \ I . I, J Bill Bassett \ I zo � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Task Force Meeting in Atlanta, Ga. March 9 = 10 f Members of Commfasion ‘thes ees u.d. D Mayor ivan Allen, Jr. y ' Atlanta, Georgia Mr. Paul Yivisaker | ) Ford Foundation New York Mr. Ben Alexander tt t Defense Research Corp Golita, California Prof. Julian Levi (Mrs. Levi)s 1 University of Chicago Chicago, I}linois Mr. Edwin &. Berry (Mrs, Berry) ¢ li } Chicago Urban League Chicago, Illinois Mr. Stuart Chapin University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina i. 4 Mr. Anthony Downs Real Estate Research Corp. ' Chicago, Illinois 1 ‘ Building Systems Development Corp. San Francisco, Dalif, Others Attending Mr, Richard Ge Leone 4 (4 Washington, D. C. Mr. Gordon Macinnes Washington, D. C. Mr, Lyle Carter Washington, a Mrs. Joan Dunl@p >. ee New York, N. Y, Others Attending Mr. fl. Ralph Taylor \ Assistant Secretary HUD Washington, D.C. Mr. Cliff Goldman Dept. of Community Affairs Trenton, N. J. Mr. Bill Hooper ae Office of Science and Technology Washington, D. C. Atlanta People R. Earl Landers (Mrs. Landers) Admin, Assistant to Mayor Ww J Dan E. Sweat, Jr. (Mrs. Sweat) ,f > % Director of Governmental Liaison Collier E, Gladin City Planning Engineer } Bill Bassett Planning Department Ann Moses ui Mayor's Office 1 ¥V bs donirélor asa! re Gs ian - | harmon ore AO  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 52 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/48b012522fd1d0c20b8ccb905602a170.pdf 929affe198da1f7f215837ff0609e238 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. ting in Atlanta,, Ga. ch 9 ... 10 l ! 0 th H Attendini Mr . tf. Rolph Taylor Assistant S er. t y HUD Wash In , D.. C. • 1 Ylvi ., Ford Foundu t n _ o- • Cliff GQldman D pt . of C unity Affofrs Tr ton, N. J. York 9 (oO<Yl • Bllrf-ic>Q r Offl of Sci· nc . and T chnology i) M(!)_,Q,\r/tv 1) Washtnp,n., D. C . q • Ear I Lf"D'V1'1.u ( Admin. I i-4 E. Glodln City Phmnt Engl Colll l- 4 BJII ~ ~ D IN~ Y. 9 t ff 1annln; 0 n Mrr,or•t Offk t ·w .,Ji I � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document j ’ Members of Commission Mayor ivan Allen, Jr. Atlanta, Georgia P eben fajaminad March 9 = 10 Room —_ Mr. Poul Yivisaker qb Ford Foundation New York _ Mr. Ben Alexander 6-5 Defense Research Corp. Golita, California Prof. Julian Levi (Mrs. Levi) Q University of Chicago Chicago, illinois Mr. Edwin C. Berry (Mies. Berry) °c Mr. Stuart University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Me, Anthony Downs Real Estate Research Corp. Chicago, lilinois Mr. Exra Ehrenkrantz 8-4 ¥- 4 ar Building Systems Development Corp. San Francisco, Dalif, Mr, Richard C, Leone Weshington, D. C. Mr. Gerdon Macinnes Washington, 0. C. Mr. Lyle Carter Washington, D.C. Mrs. Joan Dunl@p New York, N. Y. Mr. fl. Ralph Taylor a 0 Assistant Secretary HUD Washington, D. C. Mr. Cliff Goldman q Dept. of Community Affairs Trenton, N. J. room wid Mr, Bill Hooper von Mmaclww's Office of Science and Techno Washington, D.C. Atlanta ie R. Earl Landers (Mrs. Landers) Admin, Assistant to Mayor Dan E. Sweet, Jr. (Mrs. Sweat) \ Director of Governmental Liaison \ Collier E. Gladin City Planning Engineer Bill Bassett Planning Department i Ann Moses Mayor's Office i eae  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 51 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/6f6347c75d716c595ed70dd7eed4210a.pdf d3054e5e529ed991e29a431e5117940d Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. , · .. ADDRESSES  !! Chairman 212-PL 1-2900 Home: 312-FA 4-6926 Home: 312 DO 3-5464 also: Fishcreek, Wisc. 414-868-3026 Wash~ , D. c. 202-667~5206 404-522-4463 Horne: 404-688-2659 Mr. Ben Alexander 805-967-3456 Vice President q DRC (Defens e Research Corporation) 6300 Hollister Avenue __..------;-J,1,- ,i~~ -Golita, California Horne: 8~5-969-2132 Horne: 3·12,.. BO 8-1314 or 3 fZ-3 73-23 71 Mr. Stuart Chapin 919-933-2282 Director Urban and Regional Studies Evergreen House University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Home: 919-929-2353 or 919-933- 2392 Mr. Anthony Downs 31 2-FI 6- 5885 Real Estate · Research Corporation 73 West Monroe Street Chicago, I llinois 60603 Horne: 312- DU 1-5065 or 202-2 23- 4500 Dr. Paul Ylvisaker Director Public Affairs Ford Foundation 477 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 609-395-1236 Vice Chairman \Y\ (I-) Oj Professor Julian Levi Professor of Urban Studies fl~ University of Chicago ~ Chicago, Illinois 60601 1/ Members Honorable Ivan All en Mayor Atlanta, Georgia i/4 ~ s·P .J-fn.!'Ls Mr. Edwin C. Berry Executive Secretary Chicago Urban League ~./1 1y----'4500 South Mi chigan Avenue ) > ~ ~ Chicago, Illinois 60601 312-AT 5-5800 c\ �\ Professor John Dunlop Professor of Economics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts \ \ \ 617-UN 8-7600 Mr. Ezra Ebrenkrantz 415-434-3830 President Building Systems Development Corporation 120 Broadway San Francisco, California 94111 Mr. Ralph Helstein 312-WE 9-5343 President Packinghouse Food and Allied Workers 608 s. Dearborn Street, Suite 1800 Chicago, Illinois 60605 Dr. Theodore Sizer 617-UN 8-7600 Dean, College of Education Ext. 3401 Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 \ - \ Home: 617-484-2958 __, or \ Washington, DC 202-783-00~8 · ~e: .. 415-524-5673 or 415-845-6000 \ \ \ Hdme: I \ I 3~2-PL 2-2629 \ Home: 617-864-3593 / ,, ._ _ ,. - __ Ii...· 1· - � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document iy) ZL, argh ADDRESSES Chairman angen ah Dr. Paul Ylvisaker 212-PL 1-2900 Director Public Affairs Q> Ford Foundation Wa 477 Madison Avenue 48 New York, New York 10022 Vice Chairman » me Professor Julian Levi 312-FA 4-6926 Professor of Urban Studies University of Chicago Be Chicago, Illinois 60601 Members Honorable Ivan Allen 404-522-4463 Mayor Atlanta, Georgia Mr. Ben Alexander 805-967-3456 Vice President 7 DRC (Defense Research Corporation) Zz 6300 Hollister Avenue ~~, Zlo ao Pig corte: California 4 ego ¢ Mes Mr. Edwin C. Berry 312-AT 5-5800 Executive Secretary Chicago Urban League 4500 South Michigan Avenue erie Chicago, Illinois 60601 Mr. Stuart Chapin 919-933-2282 Director oF Urban and Regional Studies D a Evergreen House 7 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Mr. Anthony Downs 312-FI 6=5885 4 Real Estate: Research Corporation { 73 West Monroe Street Chicago, Illinois 60603 oe = StS = Oe ae nae * 5 6G 3 Home: 609-395-1236 Home: 312 DO 3=5464 also: Fishereek, Wisc. 414-868-3026 Home: 404-688-2659 Home: $05-969-2132 Home: 312-BO 8-1314 or 312-373-2371 Home: 919-929-2353 or 919-933-2392 Home: 312-DU 1-5065 or 202-223-4500 rr Professor John Dunlop 617-UN 8-7600 \. Home: 617-484-2958 Professor of Economics ‘ or Noe Harvard University \ Washington, DC 202-783-0038 Cambridge, Massachusetts x Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz 415-434-3830 - Home: 415-524-5673 President \ or Building Systems Development Corporation 415-845-6000 57! 120 Broadway San Francisco, California 94111 Mr. Ralph Helstein 312-WE 9-5343 Home: 312-PL 2-2629 President / : : } Packinghouse Food and Allied Workers (U~ 608 S. Dearborn Street, Suite 1800 Chicago, Illinois 60605 Dr. Theodore Sizer 617-UN 8-7600 Home: 617-864-3593 Dean, College of Education Exte 3401 V o Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 \ , “aad a . Sete WasGiebe tC Become ) q q nee wien Ngee weg ae mele a | NNes 5 ogg ear PieQerdn Regaees “6 Ae Mea AL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 50 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/266540354e7a12f1451abb46c35282da.pdf beab48742333463afd254a50cab706c7 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. March 6, 1967 Mrs . Joyce Sewe II Executive Offices Atlanta Marriott Motor Hotel Cou rtland at Cain Atlanta, Georgia Dear Joyce: I have some d finit information on our important, confidential dignitaries who will b staying and m eting at the Marriott next w k. I will list th m by name, c:iddr ss, and room r quirements, and hope that you could pre• r glster them: Name and Addre• Mr . H. Rolph Taylor HUD Wash ington , D. C. Singl • ar,iving March 9 Ch ck out March 10 Mr. Taylor'$ Assistant Singl - arriving March 9 Check out March 10 Mr . Paul Ylvisaker Ford Foundation 477 Madison Av nu N w York, N w York Singl .. arriving rv ning of M ch 8 - eh ck out an rnoon of Mareh 10 Prof. & Mrs. Julian L t Univ rs1ty of Chicago Doubl room - arriving March 9 check out af rnoon of M ch 10 Chicago, Illinois Mr. Ben Alexand•r Det nse R arch Corp. 6300 Hol I lster Ave . Golita, California Single - Ha wi 11 arrive on D Im 186 ot 5:M> a. • on rch 8 d wonts to s_le p the balanc of morning. He will check out ch 10. Mr. and Mr1. Edwin C. rry Chicago Ur n L•D(4500 South Michigan ~e • Doubt• - Arrive -,ch 8 D•-""'M ch 10 Chi go, Illinois �Mrs . Joyce Sewell March 6, 1967 Name and Address Room Requirements Mr . Stuart Chapin University of North Carolina Chape l Hill, North Carolina Singfe • Late arr iva l March 8 • check out March 10 Mr . Anthony Downs Real Estate Re$earch Corp . 73 West Monroe Street Chicago, Ill inois Singl .. Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 Mt . Ezra Ehrenkrantz Building Systems Develop,, nt Corp. 120 Broadway San Francisco, California Single • Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 (I don ' t hov flight info on h im, but it might b an unusual time) Mr . Richard C . L on Washington, 0. C. Singl - Arrive late March 8 • d part March 10 Mr. Gordon Mac Inn s. Singl • Arrive late Mare,h 8 • departmMorch 10 Asst. to Mr . Leon Washington, D. C. This is less than w originally discussed .•• nln ins ad of 16 rooms. Our me ting room t up will be fJne, but would still Uk to use Tara 3 for the lunch on ach day. Actually, the one o'clock lunch ttm on Friday is xc · II nt, as th y will conclud tn m ting at the lat luncheon. My t ntativ figure for th luncheon on Thursday will be 10 at 12:30 and 15 on Friday ot hOO o•clock. Pl ase h Ip m ka p this confid ntial as to the me _ting. It is rf ctly ok for the individual nam s ta appear on the hotel registration. Sine r ly, Mrs. Ann M. Mose• Ex cutive er fwy � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document March 6, 1967 Mrs. Joyce Sewell Executive Offices Atlanta Marriott Moter Hotel Courtland at Cain Atlanta, Georgia Dear Joyce: i have some definite information on our important, confidential dignitaries who will be staying and meeting at the Marriott next week. 1 will list them by name, address, and room requirements, and hope that you could pre=- register them: Name and Address Mr. H. Ralph Taylor HUD Washington, D. C. Mr. Taylor's Assistant Mr. Paul Yivisaker Ford Foundation 477 Madison Avenue New York, New York Prof. & Mrs. Julian Levi University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Mr. Ben Alexander Defense Research Corp. 6300 Hollister Ave. Golite, California Mr. and Mrs. Edwin C. Berry Chicago Urban League 4500 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois Room Requirements Single = arriving March 9 Cheek out March 10 Single = arriving March 9 Check out March 10 Single = arriving evening of March 8 = check out afternoon of March 10 Double room = arriving March 9 check out afternoon of March 10 Single = He will arrive on Delés 186 at 5:40a.m. on March 8 and wants fo sleep the balance of morning. He will check out March 10, Double = Arrive March 8 DepartmMarch 10 Mrs. Joyce Sewell Name and Address Mr. Stuart Chapin University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Mr. Anthony Downs Real Estate Research Corp. 73 West Monroe Street Chicago, Illinois Mr. Ezra Ehrenkraniz Building Systems Development Corp. 120 Broadway San Francisco, California Mr. Richard C. Leone Washington, D. C. Mr. Gordon Macinnes Asst. to Mr. Leone Washington, D. C. March 6, 1967 Room Requirements Single + Late arrival March 8 = check out March 10 Single = Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 Single = Arrival March 8 Depart March 10 (1 don't have flight info on him, but it might be an unusual time) Single = Arrive late March 8 « depart March 10 Single = Arrive late March 8 = departmMarch 10 This is less than we originally discussed . . . nine instead of 16 rooms. Our meeting room set up will be fine, but would still like to use Tara 3 for the luncheon each day. Actually, the one o'clock lunch time on Friday is excellent, as they will conclude the meeting at the late luncheon. My tentative figure for the luncheon on Thursday will be 10 at 12:30 and 15 on Friday at 1:00 o'clock. Please help me keep this confidential as to the meeting. It is perfectly ok for the individual names to appear on the hotel registration. Sincerely, Mrs. Ann M. Moses Executive Secretary  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 49 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/3457f07c9057677e49fb9675f997bae3.pdf 0b3f45f8c18193f81f25d79fc550fe9c Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. II ,. T. B . . . sic "remise to ,: -~~ ~-ch ··}1 is t e follm·: in°· of t~P fedcr-1 --- --· - i. h e. er,.,."r1 f - om t 1.rl i t a l so is 'he , eme of nci l -.lvi-- -,-, ~ 1 ~i csut i s.act i on w i th the effectivnne-- ,f r ~elev~nt res~onse to I ~1 :- ct , t efe . . . -,,., -.·i -,_r-·crrl;:i, .c-0 .. ,orrib e r esnonncn , ~l th th e ,. ., . . . _; "r th ev m," be> rr1 i t0 e f'ect ivo i"I to tli" 0-P-Portr; nnt into t½om. 7 ~ '1 - - - ·01.r G"'". fnt,nrp r· 0Gic•i0-'1-f.1:'1rj_-!'[' -ror-r-1 nr,- -i.bi 'litip - ·.-;ill be :,ffecte('l -o tha t !'TIC'l'e ,.,7_t "I'P--.t5p·• h" loo]:er! e t, loc"'ll:1r ·" ' 1f' f'er0r2ll,r? �II i'.clministr7.tion to c11rc'? ~; 110. Gro . .,,t Depres r.i on fizzlec rlown tu 11 of 1 9'> 7, mi'..n,y ri t; Cc. out in t he ,bl:-i.merl the p oor n e s i gn of the,;e nro p,r a.m;-; c onnemno~ thee .t ir e i~o, of federa l pe nd i ng as an a id to nro s~crit., . 1111.r B t then ,·1h r:m 2'0v e r nrri'"'nt :-----enr1 j_n '"" re:_1, lv bec ame eno rmou s i n th0. i-rar effort 1S:! O.L the ear l ,y 3;, JgLJ.o ' ", 1inem'"'lo.:nne t a1 cl rece ss io n v an i shec ~~. lmo s t inst ~ tl y , anrt the econo .. y ox0enren uivilian outnut at th e Gi'.,rae time t h~t it nroduced h u Ge ~mo unt:-- o mil it~r y fl OO ds ~ e ., ~.nerionc e a r a mat ic a l ly nrove,~ tha t To mo s t ,ove rnmen t e c onomi sts , this c ne n d i nc; indeerl c n.n b ani:; 1 unem,,lo~ment ancl reces s ion i f u nde rt ak en on a lar ~ e enough s c a le to be Simi l a rly, it c;,, Derh<'ps be a r g ue d tha t ur b an re nel·'a l ,ncl ,,nbli c 110u::;in,"; hav e f 2.ilerl to 11 so lve the low- income hol, n inc-- ,,rob l -'"'1'1 11 i.:',inl.v b8CEtl r:o they hcwe been m1r1 e rt n.ken in su c h tiny amoun t :--o Even the hroken familic~ in "Ublic ho11'iinP de veln,,mento ) micht be r adic,11~ if tho nro.~r"m::- ,,ere €: ;"':v r1oc1 in s c,.,l e b,y a f,,cto r f, 0 ~ l toref sa.v, 10 to 20 , sincP ..... 'T":-'tl·• 0,v·,,,11dcc1 client'clo 1-1ouln have to be served . It no0r11~ cri1ci.n.l fo-r the rri's k Fo r ce to an'iW er this 0u0.::-;tion ~ for trie followinP reo~ons: , . Innof~r ~c inadenuate s c a le a lo ne is res nonsible for any ~neffectivenc~· nf c11Trent 'lror;ra.m-:; , i t mi _ht b e a gr o ss socinl ool ic,v error to r-,hift cmnh.7.Si" to l ook:in for s ome no n- exis t ent ~~r~ 11 nei-1 a')'"lroa ch" vhcn the re'"',l lftlS'Uy neec'l l'cr- 11 of t 11" olc'l a·, '1roacheso /[r1t( ~r lOvt[)re~.£ h . T 1 ere is a tendency for v 2rio us feder a l age~cie~ to look for Pome ~ fi red ·, ti vol,y inexpens iv0 11 cure" for nrbA-n .a,-hetto '1roblem s . Jf this te·, ,lei'CY is inrerent7_,, bound to f c il becousc ,'"'l l "cures" '"'rP c"'\"treTTJ0l 1 • �11 co st ly, th e Prcr" i dc'1+ rhn 1 d el de l imse l f co n:' i ·1 nP-i_n ll 6 11 oublic o o i n i on to c cccnt the b0 che, i,n,1ri s ed of th i s f act so he '1 i ill not cure , 11 a nd s o h e c an be,o·in i"lfl le n cing ostlines ::, of decruat e me nn re s . P, r s uin[; th i s r ecnonsc to the b · .sic pr e mi s e i-rnul d c a u s e t he Tas k Force 0 to i nvestig ,te th a ch .., l '1il nt m:-irrni tu e of e a c h maj or fe err.l urban nr oe-rc.m ( s measured i n totill nna nY1nu a •l 0xnend.i t ures over, s a y , th e :12.s t 30 .ven:r s ) measure of t he 1,,,a i n s t s ome ;!'!i!!Hili!!"9-·" univcr:--e i n ,.r1 ich t 1at )ro gram mu s t o _ e rate. ?air examole, /~. t o t a l nub l ic ho'i. sinfl' e r 01'1J1 it r ec" -- n,nd re s ult s in term s of uni t n built - - mig ht be c omnar ec'l t o tot n l UoS . exT)e n<'l itur es on hous i n r; co nstruct i on, . .,_n('l_ unit~ bui lt in th e U.S . tota l143.215.248.55:!3!:Eml!a«;: Se-:,-:,_,rnte cih.l.cuL1.t i ons mi[;ht be made i n sub-0,r e ::.s ( m . ch ..I\ 2.s Hei-r York) tJ,Ve r <'.n-e , Jher e th e re l ...,t ive s c -1. l e mi g ht b e m c h highe r t han ti1e 1vi.ti oY1n.l just t o t est -rhnt J"li-, 1t h apnen if t le nat iona l effort Here r c1.ide r'1 . S imil a r quantifica tions conld be mac'l e for he a l th pro g r a ms, 1rban r e newa l, anti- de linrruency nr o g r a ms, e tc. 1· el 1,r e , ro "" 1. .. n, Re s ults mi ~ht be~ rni l 1,r 1 to those a lr eady rnc<'le in r .ri c ltur e , ·1here it c an b e shown th a t over /IQ~, of ::,.l l f".rm incomP. in the 1!.S . comes irect l y from fe der a l payment;; . Din:'atisf..,ction ,j th ,·rh..,t hettor 11,..,,y:' to rlo t Yr:t 11 1-_rc rve rlocc" no t ncce:'~2.ri.ly :,rove there ,.re 1 in"'"·• "lerlr,ps the truth i s mere l y th a t " life i8 tour:h ." ,n 1_7ollivr ·'.lt c r n..,t iv0'1 mi.'tht th0. be fruitfully investi,'."rte,' by the '1',..,_nl-: Force : _"lror'1_nci"l: ~:..olutionn__ to nrb<'n .rrhetto ~)roblemr. . Specifi r,:1ll_y , the fn l. lo"ir n· , t:. ne_s of in_:ce1~t iVC'R micht be, i nvestig..,tecl : .__J!Lttlr,ft..tJ s ,(Jn 1-r1c1111.f: / 'by ha.v,r11!J 1) f o~itlvc - rofitr norrib le~--a~thc fe~er~l ~overnmrnt cr02t~/) .., s i ("l'l ificant r.iqrl:et for some r,ervic e rclev..,"lt to t1,,., n-1-ietto. r,,cl· �4 n +,·i v o:- to ,-, ,., 0 7.Yl:',' r E'"' 0 fina n ci ?,l i t t -i ry, !1Ce ;-,t --, l l _r, n i n r-t i t.,1tion :-: , ~ 11 .'.'..ct badl,r" i n . ., _ll fo r ,hP.tto '"'r -. s ch propert,y not in fi ll_ l COffi D i anc .:ind h i p;her nro pe rt.y asse::;smentc for rehabil it1.tec1 ~ro "'~ rt,,.. 3) Rer1. ct ion of rcr-t--,n0 ..,,,a_ er.rilation throws ,UCh  :-ro .q:r'"'.rns <'S t ,.., " tnrn- ke,y" n•" r :. cl-i to ,...,ublic hou sint:; o A) Cr ention of ncr n is ~iv c inc ent i v e s t h r ou g h a llowing .ta~ cr0~ i ts for investn")YJ.ts in ,...hr:t--'-o--: ':f. ~ r c rt il. in d n r1 s o f job t · 2. in:ing. b . Shi tin ..... the 7 oc ro s ources to 1. rh2.n _ '"'rCJ_blernr; ::n1oy_fr o__!!)_jJ1e __ferl0r;-,l _,,.,.overnme11t to _~or1e pthe r _nnot. The l--: _"ron:rom fo r mu l ation or the n. ll ocat i or of oJloPinp met . oa~ of redist r ibut i ng income collector t~a feror;, l ~o v0rnnent ~01.l 1) Givin<"'" be means of n cc omn l inhin c t~ i s : to "bl_ 2 ) Givir7 block,.,. 143.215.248.55r to centr l citier. - ThP T'"'r~ Force mi~ht inve s tigate ~11 of these devices in or~0r to -i '""'OV'"' ti 0n"? (,,-0"1A_t ~,2-e. . ~., , +/0,,1 I rl_ -I ho ne cecsary to uer cu--,d~ t~ e i YJ.~titutinn~ �r , c1 if f'o,-,.V' --- ·.1.0.t lr-1 f.0 '11 the it~ ~--- ~0 rt ,. if r ct..,,in'"' ct by th ,-(' _ ;_r ·1 l0 ilitir of t his c< evice? 1s 0 -lj .ccir2b e 11 . _·-~1:~t/clp.!!.: S ~ r __".f_r1_iti 0.:_~- -- ic'I- ntif i nr - --to··-·-rr."1-::n -·----- t -· - ,;j_de:-,re..,r! f'eclin -:; th :::.t '.-.°. --~~1_:r:. .::,D_!_ _::_r~E_i2_!!lG Cc?.D be rcl a ti_v 0_l_:r_ 0,~"cib~_ ive? I n --m0 ·~" --0,ffc-ct ~-· -·'"'l'!1 fecln 7.1 ~o rc r n•-rient.? ., 11 "' so it e of th e Recmip- l y •· '7 1'.'"'i1rl tiYJ.kerine- 11 1· ith nr er;e nt . r, '"':IC i-,i l Ve' h :>blc mi-ht bn n~ follo1 r : b .v ~ ~+n " 1_l - "'·To .'"'rr- lie ho,, c inr,: ' ~j;. rent i n- p :,;j ~t i l".,,..,. cn'l 7 i: low- inc 0me f , mil i e::- to <1.ll ,,~, rt ~ of i·- l l v ne~!'er iob O""'nrt,,ni tie~ o G~' 11 1 --~ �11 TJI • "1 1 ... _..:: l. . - ,.,.,...,..,:-"te _ Methodr of Pl'."' o cr ,., .- .; ·., · ·~ ·-- -- I 11 four _,_ ._ . . - -·- - .__. --~--.,. of t he ror:'1O11:' ",... ·•n,- 0 "~Y on0 or t~o ? . '>nbc om .. itte cr; ·i lw·1 ".1,0VC' ,...houlc b e "lUTSU r, r r-ther t n:1 ~l ~e . r;h01 1l t1 1~'" --=-o j'M" '; one r1 bc 0mm ·.ttc" f or r~ ch rn- 10 • tn nurr u c these f our r r;c , r.nonr ec -- "'erh"'lS or oerha os wi t h a ~ i fferent ri visi on 0f l , .bor, " · S"'0.cific re:" 0 a r ch ..,r si."·nn,-,11--1:,... ,...J!onlr1 be defined for .11 four r es" o:1- _f" h,y r1~et i n~ ,...,.,naratc ly. --- -"]vrnl cl be r,,ss i q_-nec1. to b o th c t :1f:f mer 11J cr s "..rd ' . Mone.v views or fn tucl vjawc, v a ryir ~rom care to c~nc . � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document PROPOSED APPROACH TO | TASK FORCE AGENDA ’ “T, Basic Premise The basic premise of this vropoctc? cn oroeech to an aserda is the following -roposition: There is widesnread dissatisfaction with the present svecific-—vcrorrom nnnronch of the federal covernnont to urb2n rroblems; therefore our task shonld he a ne eee — to mosnond to this dissetisfacti) x __—_— meet in the most meenine?nl possible ways. Such Ciscatisfectio: ji° ee one of the main conclusions which emerred from the Ribicoff hesrings, and it also is the theme of Paul Ylviscrker' eorlier “agenda. vaper." Both there cocuments called for an as—yet—unfornnliter "netr anproach" to vrban oroblem-. W“owever, seeking a new anproach is not the oniy ck “oscible or relevant resnonse to seme Cissatisfeaction with the effectivenerc o7f existine annroaches. In fect, thefe are four snossible responses, all of which have some merit. II. Tosrible Renvonses to the Basic Premise Thene four reanonses ean be put in the form of the followine cuestions, here st-t77 with come tentative idens about bow they micht be answered: 1. Is it really true that current vroerams are ineffective? Although it in certainly truco that cvrrent f | single oo | the mador trends in o+yeeppime city, they may; be quite effective in relstion ederal vrosrams have not "turned srours" to the efforts nut into them. However, we really do not know how effective they ore becansce we fo not have any wave to measure prosram effectiverecs et i in SMR urbon oreac very accurately. Therefore, this resnonse surce> that the Tesk Force exvlore the following issues: “me, “hot mechonions for effective vrorram evaluation ean be eronted ane sustained at both Local and federal levels? What alternative arv-roachec to vrosr-m evaluation ire vossible, and what incentives could be mobiliged to effectuate each? Ze --—Tow con future decision-making be affected so that more alternative vrogrem possibilities will be looked at, locally and federally? IN Is the ineffectiveness of current programs possibly caused by their inncdequate scale rather thon innynropriate design —— hence would they become much more effective if croatly expanded in magnitude? When the eorly government snendine ~rorrams advanced by Franklin Roosevelt's ers cdministration to cure the Grest Depression Pignled out in the downturn of 1937, many critics blamed the poor design of these programs an¢ condemned the entire ides of federal spending as an aid to prosperity. But then when governmont enencine really became enormous in the war effort of the early Ses 1940's, wnemmloyment and recession vanished 21most instantly, and the economy expenred wivilian outnout at the same time that it vroduced hure amounts of military goodse To most economists, this exnerience dramatically vroved that government snending indeed can banish unemoloyment and recession if undertaken on a large enough scale to be effective, Similarly, it can verhnps be argued that urban renewal and nublic housins have foiled to wemmmm "solve the low-income hovsine nroblem" mainly because they have been unfertaken in such tiny amounts. lven the Aesim flows in these nrogeroms (such as creating massive concentretions of ry broken families in nublic honsing develomments) might be radically altered if the vrogreams were exvarded in scale by a factor of, say, 10 to 20, since 2 ereatly exnandecd clientele would have to be served. It seems crucial for the ‘Task Force to answer this question for the following reasons: a, Insofar as inadequate scale alone is resnonsible for any aneffectivenes of current vrograms, it might be a gross social policy error to shift emphasis to looking for some non-existent "new aonroach" when the real vastly need wae for more of the old anvroaches. fara And! Kor Congress , be. There is a tendency for various federal agencies to look for some A A relotively inexpensive "cure" for urban shetto vroblems. If this tendency is inherently bound to fail because all "cures" are extremely 5 costly, the President should be anprised of this fact so he will not delude himself considering "chean cures," and so he can begin influencifig public opinion to recent the costliness of adecuate measures. Pursuing this resvonse to the basic vremise would cause the Task Force to investigate the actuol vast marnitude of each major federal urban program 4 tr (as measured in total and annual expenditures over, say, the past 30 years) measure of the acainst some se univerce in which that program must onerate. Far examole, * : total public houvsine ernenditures —- and results in terms of units built —- 5 might be compared to total U.S. exnenditures on housins cons truction, oné units built in the U. beet gene Senarate chleuvlations might be made in sub-areas (such as Nex oie where the relrtive scale might be much higher than the national averare, just to test what might hapnen if the national effort were raiéger,. Similar quantifications could be made for health programs, welfare vrocrans, urban renewal, anti-delincuency vrograms, etc. Results micht be similar to those already mode in agriculture, where it can be shown that over 40% of all form income in the 1.5. comes directly from federal payments. What ste some nossible alternatives to the current vrogrammatic a roach? Diseatisfrction with whet we heave does not necescarily vrove there are better ways to do thines; verhaps the truth is merely that "life is tough." Yet the followin alternotives might be fruitfully investigater by the nr. Crentine stroncer incentives for private effort and_investment in producing solutions to urban shetto problems. Svecifically, the follovine tyves of incentives might be, investigated: wflaluts sg: akicank/ by having hi pees O eita voccible siimagmme the federrl rovernment create * significant market for some service relevant to the chetto, svch og rehabilitater honsines, jobs for unskilled and vroblem wor'cers¢ (created by narine employers premiums to hire ond use them), new housing, and ecucational vororrams, 2) 3) A) other : ae Romovin> oxistine incentives to “act badly" in chetto 2reac, such as low assessment for slum property, high depreciation allowances, = any denrecittion cllowance at all for property not in full complianc to codes, countinz srch non-compliance property as an-asset for financial institutions, 2a and higher property assessments for rehabilitated -ronerty, Refuction of red—tane end remilation through such programs as the "turn-key" aprroach to sublic housing. Creation of nermisnive incentives through allowing.tax crefits for investments in chettos or certain kinds of job training. Shiftine the locus of em crocrem formulation or the allocation of resources to urhan rroblemn avay from the federal covernment to sone snot. The following methods of redistributing income collected by the federal covernment would be means of accomolishing this: 1) 2) 2) AY 5) Givine block grants to states, Givine block rrants to central citier, Crectin=™ a microntesd onnual income for at least those nersons now on welfnre of socirl security who cannot be empectec to work. Civine block eroent«-to metronolitan areas that create aren-vide eovernments to use them, Conbinine ~resent feder nl rrants into broader “comvrehenctve -ropram erants." -The Task Force mirht investigate 211 of these devices in orver to anciver the followings cuestions about erch one: What se , FRI —What "strings" should be attached to such income transfers? What oe pak uo) “Oy 4 nets institution. l chonre should be aimed at “ach “nurchacec of A A imrovotion"? mms troule be necessary to versurde the institutions involved to make the Aecinog chang es? —-—hat would the recinients be likely to do with the money? ~——How larre 2 multixlier effect would such money have? aiftfery from ite offects: if retained by the federal Povevtneet> —-ahhat is the net desir-bility of this’ device? Since the Model Cities “roernzm can be viewed as a device for shifting ° : « my e some control over »rorrens to ldcal rovernments, it might be evaluates under this headine too. desirable t/changes or additions to current programs can be relatively easily identified to make them more effective? In svite of the seeminzly widesvread feeling that “morcinal tinkering" with vresent procvrams will valuable not nroduce any significont imnrovements in cities, some/chanres or new orogram noesi cc omicht be sme relatively ensily identified. Exomnle: micht be as follows: a, Creatine a PUD Assistent Secretary for Research with a sitenificant 2 rerearch budvret, 25 recommended carlier. be Croatine ceattered site onblic housinc Gime rentine existing ¢welliner . co on to Aisnerse Nerro an low-income families to all parts of each natronoliten 1rea, egnecinlly nerrer job onrortrunitiess. ce Chanrine FA vroceturec in a variety of mecific ways, inclvding ‘ renarction of "norudent investor" activity from "social-uncervritorn" activity, a. FPollowine the recommendations about neighborhood centers and subsidizer hone ownershin made errlier. Thus, from there four resvonses to the basic premise, the Tosk Porce can formulote a. number of cnecific renenrch projects for investization by the staff and ovtcide exnerte, Polier conrlusions for the final revort can then be besed nnon there + ase faintints. TIT. Sugrested Methods of Procee” ne | It is sugrested that the Task Force nrroceed on the basis of the following recommendations and’ actions: 1. All four of the responses Aecerihbe? xbove should be vursued, rather than any one or tro alone. . < » Subcommittees should be formes to vursue these four resvonses -—— nerhans one subcommittesc for each rocnonse, or perhaps with a different division of lnbor, but keyed to the four-responce format. 2, Sneeific research cssienments should be defined for 211 four resvonces by the Task Force as a whole incofer as nossible, and then by subcommittees meetine senarately, 4, These research assienments chould be assigned to both staff members and "outside experts" where the exnertise of the latter isrelevant., Money should be procvred to nav such exnerts for pavers focussed on their nolicr views or factunl views, varying from case to case. (The term "both" coer not. 2741y overlanning nssicmments, but utilization of both tynes of service.) 5. Tentative renortine dates for 211 research assignments should be crenter within the nort month, thoveh the d¢ntes may be later than that. 6. After rorortinge dates ind -ssienments are set, a full time-toble for the Task Foree choula be created. If necessary, further extension of our time reriod should be reruested. A, Downs 3/9/67  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 48 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/8477219b2fd92ba7656a26075d8d6966.pdf b4037027ed37720b470bf32b783bea88 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. , TASK FORCE ON THE CITIES Items for inclusion in final report:Hot summers Guaranteed income Relief and welfare systems Profile of ghetto -- population by age & I number Youth of population -- median age of ghetto 10 years lower than rest of population (Gordon to check out) Ombudsman for the schools -- at entry-point -- 1/3 again number of teachers Technol o gy -- high l abor component Soci al services vis-a-vis job creation and employme nt Social costs of technology -- suppressing technology COMSAT cutting d own lab8r component Fewer man hour s into rehabilitation than building new con s truc tion Price of deve lopment of ghetto -- d oe sn't work without continuous pumping fr om outside .Ghetto population can't be taxed to provide services Join with revenue flow of the system -- fiscal & tax implications Characteristics of the ghetto not applicable to the model? Problem o f the decayed city is where the concentrations of race and poverty mix: (a) measure degree of concentration of Negro population (b) income distribution (c) poverty census Where are the white poor? Retrogressive tax system built into housing. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document TASK FORCE ON THE CITIES Items for inclusion in ernie report:- Hot summers Guaranteed income Relief and welfare systems Profile of ghetto -- population by age & number Youth of population -- median age of ghetto 10 years lower than rest of population (Gordon to check out) Ombudsman for the schools -- at entry-point -- 1/3 again number of teachers Technology -- high labor component Social services vis-a-vis job creation and employment Social costs of technology -- suppressing technology COMSAT -- cutting down labor component Fewer man hours into rehabilitation than building new construction Price of development of ghetto -- doesn't work without continuous pumping from outside Ghetto population can't be taxed to provide services Join with revenue flow of the system -- fiscal & tax implications Characteristics of the ghetto not applicable to the model? Problem of the decayed city is where the concentrations of race and poverty mix: (a) measure degree of concentration of Negro population (b) income distribution (c) poverty census Where are the white poor? Retrogressive tax system built into housing.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 47 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/4f4734baf105c934b7608e0cdb49678b.pdf 9fbeda28c05aa98020afb638955d8927 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. TASK FORCE ON THE CITIES Sub-committees Allen-Ylvisaker Governmental machinery Levi Study of FHA Hels te i n - Be rry Jobs f or Ne groes, particularly in construction Chapin Metr opolitan di spersion -- model cities -- new towns Downs - Alexander Social deficit model Si zer Education � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document TASK FORCE ON THE CITIES Sub-committees Allen-Yivisaker eoveenmeneat machinery Levi Study of FHA Helstein-Berry Jobs for Negroes, particularly in construction Chapin Metropolitan dispersion -- model cities -- new towns Downs-Alexander Social deficit model Sizer Education  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 46 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/469c10f0a685810e4e1d677ceab4edcc.pdf 9e8f0eacad34f520fe5cd70da80a314c Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. TASK. ·FORCE ON THE CITIES MEMO TO: Members of Task Force FROM: Paul Ylvisaker SUBJECT: Re -c a p of dates May 1 Deadline for subcommittee outline One copy to nick Leone One copy to Paul Ylvisake r Cranbury Neck Road Cranbury, New Jersey May 4-7 Down s-Alexander Subcommittee S an Francisco May 18-19 Full Task Force Washington D.C. May 26 Dead l ine for fin al subcommittee reports On e copy to Dick Leone One copy t o Paul Ylvisaker June 8 9 & 10 Full Task Force Washington D.C. June 22 Fu ll Task Force Washington D.C. 23 & 24 '\b\ April 25, 1967 J deadlines � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document MEMO TO: FROM: SUBJECT: May 1 May 4-7 May 18-19 May 26 June 8 9 & 10 June 22 28° & 24 moro Mew TASK. FORCE ON THE CITIES Members of Task Force Paul Ylvisaker . Re-cap of dates deadlines Deadline for subcommittee outline One copy to Nick Leone One copy to Paul Ylvisaker Cranbury Neck Road Cranbury, New Jersey ‘Downs-Alexander Subcommittee San Francisco Full Task Force Washington D.C. Deadline for final subcommittee reports One copy to Dick Leone One copy to Paul Ylvisaker Full Task Force Washington D.C. Full Task Force Washington D.C. April 25, 1967  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 45 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/fa5989ea9c73b80ae35668fefad6501b.pdf 157dbcd59c3516196a676c37f5ca80d5 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Draft 5/10/67 CONFIDENTIAL III B. Urban Youth: Education and Employment: . Further statement on educational and employment proble·ms of the ghetto. But also pointing up the general problems of youth in urban and suburban society, with the prospect of increasing restiveness and under-employment not entirely related to race and poverty. III c. Need to integrate construction trades. The Urtan Calculus in National Economic Policy Elaboration of relevant trends: the Baumol thesis re the escalating costs of a service economy and the increasing reliance on the public market: the employment and urban design implications of moving from manufacturing to services; the importance of adding an urban competence to the Council of Economic Advisers, Treasury, Internal Revenue, Jt. Congres -· sional Committee, etc. The use of economic leverages (e.g. attainted titles) to accomplish urban purposes. The question of elevating HUD or part of it t o a level where it participates in economic policy decisions. II~ O. Urban Financial Flows The erratic flow of resources into housing and other critical urban functions. The liklihood of revenue sharing and block grants, and the importance of tying these developments into a strategy for rationalizing and extending state and local revenue sources. The need for increasing consumer income and entrepreneural incentives in the ghetto, linking these with reforms of the welfare and tax systems. �- III E. 2 - Administrativ~ Barriers: The problem of administering 440 separate feder-a-1--programs affecting urban communities, and the hopeful prospect of consolidating and simplifying federal grants. Restrictive policies of critical agencies, including FHA. Possible re- commendation of neighborhood development corporation~, with share of capital advanced from national community development bank. An emerging role for the States,; and reconsideration of metropolitan planning requirements both to reduce administrative congestion and to encourage dispersal of ghetto populations. Discussion of use of incentives, including "bounty" device for making ghetto residents economically attractive to local governments. III F . Manpower f or Urban Af fairs Estimate of critical shortages, and mention of impr obability of goi ng t o s cale (or even carrying out present s cale) wi thout mas sive e ntr y o f new personne l. Consideration of Frank Riesman's approach through new careers f or t he poor . Impor- tance of s t eering new service complexes (me dical, educational, etc.) to ghetto areas and/ or residents. Possible use of Negro and other minor ity s e r vicement, as rec r uits to public and community service after their hitch has ended . Need for federa l ai d f or pre-ser vice and i n-service training. III G. Toward Continuous Problem-Solving Ezra's treatise on ne ed for critical p ath and staging in development p f public programs; also for built-in capacity for innovation. ' Importance of sustained financing for experi- �- .~-- - 3 - mental . programs, and for evaluation going- beyond what is provided for Model Cities, etc. III H• . (as indicat~d in Table of Contents) -·- - ---- � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document III B. III Cc. Itz D. Draft 5/10/67 CONFIDENTIAL Urban Youth: Education and Employment: Further statement on educational and employment problems of the ghetto. But also pointing up the general problems of youth in urban and suburban society, with the prospect of increasing restiveness and under-employment not entirely related to race and poverty. Need to integrate construction trades. The Urkan Calculus in National Economic Policy Elaboration of relevant trends: the Baumol thesis re the escalating costs of a service economy and the increasing reliance on the public market: the employment and urban design implications of moving from manufacturing to services; the importance of adding an urban competence to the Council of Economic Advisers, Treasury, Internal Revenue, Jt. Congres-" sional Committee, etc. The use of economic leverages (e.g. attainted titles) to accomplish urban purposes. The question of elevating HUD or part of it to a level where it partici- pates in economic policy decisions. Urban Financial Flows The erratic flow of resources into housing and other critical urban functions. The liklihood of revenue sharing and block grants, and the importance of tying these developments into a strategy for rationalizing and extending state and local revenue sources. The need for increasing consumer income and entrepreneural incentives in the ghetto, linking these with reforms of the welfare and tax systems. III E, III F. If G. Administrative Barriers: The problem of administering 440 separate federal-programs affecting urban communities, and the hopeful prospect of consolidating and simplifying federal grants. Restrictive policies of critical agencies, including FHA. Possible re- commendation of neighborhood development corporations, with share of capital advanced from national community development bank. An emerging role for the States; and reconsideration of metropolitan planning requirements both to reduce administra- tive congestion and to encourage dispersal of ghetto popula- tions. Discussion of use of incentives, including "bounty" device for making ghetto residents economically attractive to local governments. Manpower for Urban Affairs Estimate of critical shortages, and mention of improbability of going to scale (or even carrying out present scale) without massive entry of new personnel. Consideration of Frank Riesman's approach through new careers for the poor. Impor- tance of steering new service complexes (medical, educational, etc.) to ghetto areas and/or residents. Possible use of Negro and other minority servicement, as recruits to public and community service after their hitch has ended. Need for federal aid for pre-service and in-service training. Toward Continuous Problem-Solving Ezra’s treatise on need for critical path and staging in development of public programs; also for built-in capacity for innovation. Importance of sustained financing for experi- -3- mental programs, and for evaluation going-beyond what is provided for Model Cities, etc. Itt H. . (as indicated in Table of Contents)  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 44 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/5aa2340ca70fb6af49ecff4bcdb257b4.pdf c024167df1c407fb37328ee402ab6731 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. . III A. URBAN SEGREGATION The crisis of our cities is first of all the _s.e g.r.egation of race and income. There is no urban solution of any validity· that does not deal directly with the questions posed by this segregation. The facts are these: 23% of the total population of our central cities is Negro, and 35% of these Negroes have incomes in the poverty range. Within five years, assuming present population trends and even allowing for current levels of ameliorative public programs, the proportion of Negroes to central city population will rise to 28%, with the same percentage as today remaining in poverty. By 1978, both proportions will be 35%. By 1983, our central cities population Will be 44% Negro, nearly two-fifths of them poor. These are percentages of total central city population. But by 1973, at l e ast 10 of our major citie s will be predomi nantly Negr o ; by 1983, at least 20, including Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland , Detroit (etc .). To repeat, these proje ctions show what wi ll happen if present population trends continue a nd current governmental policies and levels of spending remain in force. To alter these projections significantly, quantum leaps will have to be taken in public policy and levels of spending. For example, if the size of the Negro population of central cities is ...... ~ .. , __ ,· �to remain what it is approximately 600,000 Negroes_.ea.ch year must move into predominantly white suburbs. That figure would represent from 10-15 times the present rate of Negro out migration. Again, if the proportion of Negroes in poverty is to be reduced to the general poverty rate of the total population, we estimate the costs of that enrichment (projecting current per capita costs of special housing, educational, employment training and other programs) at$ annually over a _____ year period. If the nation were to decide to equalize both the Negro's settlement pattern and his incidence of poverty, our best estimate of total costs would be$ _________ per year over a ---~year period. These may seem staggering figures. What is staggering to us is that urban policy has been developed in this country without attempting these calculations, yet fostering the illusion that one o r the other - - or both -- of the two alte rnatives, enrichment and dispe rsion, were s ome how being accomplished and at scale . The fact is that both the rate of enrichment and the rate of dispersion are l agging ; and the s e gra gati on o f r ace and income in our great metropolitan areas is outstripping whatever we are now doing to offse t it. We of the Task Force deplore the segregation that is taking place; and if the choice were ours, we would pay the price of simultaneously reducing the poverty and concentration rates of the Negro population. The prospect of Negro dominance of our central cities we cannot regard with equanimity, although we are almost persuaded �otherwise by some compelling arguments (a)' that the transition is likely to be much more moderate than alarmists might portray; and (b) that the coming of Negroes to political power might well provide the psychological lift that community has long been awaiting. Wnat we still regard with distaste is the freezing of racial and class distinctions into political boundary lines; and what we fear· is even the remotest chance of escalating present frictions into guerrilla and even civil war. We therefore submit the following recommendations and alternative courses of action: � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document III A. URBAN SEGREGATION The crisis of our cities is first of all the segregation of race and income. There is no urban solution of any validity that does not deal directly with the questions posed by this segregation. The facts are these: 23% of the total population of our central cities is Negro, and 35% of these Negroes have incomes in the poverty range. Within five years, assuming present population trends and even allowing for current levels of ameliorative public programs, the proportion of Negroes to central city population will rise to 28%, with the same percentage as today remaining in poverty. By 1978, both proportions will be 35%. By 1983, our central cities population Will be 44% Negro, nearly two-fifths of them poor. These are percentages of total central city population. But by 1973, at least 10 of our major cities will be predominantly Negro; by 1983, at least 20, including Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit (etc.). To repeat, these projections show what will happen if present population trends continue and current governmental policies and levels of spending remain in force. To alter these projections significantly, quantum leaps will have to be taken in public policy and levels of spending. For example, if the size of the Negro population of central cities is to remain what it is approximately 600,000 Negroes each year must move into predominantly white suburbs. That figure would represent from 10-15 times the present rate of Negro out migration. Again, if the proportion of Negroes in poverty is to be reduced to the general poverty rate of the total population, we estimate the costs of that enrichment (projecting current per capita costs of special housing, educational, employment training and other programs) at $ annually over a year period. If the nation were to decide to equalize both the Negro's settlement pattern and his incidence of poverty, our best estimate of total costs would be $ per year over a year period. These may seem staggering figures. What is staggering to us is that urban policy has been developed in this country without attempting these calculations, yet fostering the illusion that one or the other -- or both -- of the two alternatives, enrichment and dispersion, were somehow being accomplished and at scale. The fact is that both the rate of enrichment and the rate of dispersion are lagging; and the segragation of race and income in our great metropolitan areas is outstripping whatever we are now doing to offset it. We of the Task Force deplore the segregation that is taking place; and if the choice were ours, we would pay the price of simul- taneously reducing the poverty and concentration rates of the Negro population, The prospect of Negro dominance of our central cities we cannot regard with equanimity, although we are almost persuaded otherwise by some compelling arguments (a) that the transition is likely to be much more moderate than alarmists might portray; and (b) that the coming of Negroes to political power might well provide the psychological lift that community has long been awaiting. What we still regard with distaste is the freezing of racial and class distinctions into political boundary lines; and what we fear is even the remotest chance of escalating present frictions into guerrilla and even civil war. We therefore submit the following recommendations and alter- native courses of action:  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 43 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967 https://ivanallen.iac.gatech.edu/mayoral-records/traditional/files/original/a91dea3aae34216069a5325db53c6d29.pdf 727085d93417c50d8cb160c7e31b1895 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Draft 5/10/67 CONFIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION America and its communities are changing with unsettling rapidity. Most of this change has been healthy; and most of the ~roblems it has caused tend to evoke their own solutions. This country - de- spite its transitional strains and its freely-voiced complaints - has an immense capacity for sel1-correction. There is always a temptation - and a pressure - to over-react: to give equal ear to every complaint, to chase off after every problem~ and to wind up with a congeries of programs which may slow up rather than accelerate the nation's natural and long-run capacity for self- correction. Evidence is accumulating that such has already happened in the federal government's response to urban problems over the past twenty years. These have been years of experimentation, improvisation, and probing. On balance, they have been constructive. But neither in scale nor impact have they caught up with the dimensions and force of the · nation's urban trends and developing problems.• The time has come to move from experimentation over a wide front, and in sometimes contrary directions, to an effort a ) which is aimed at selected problems of transcending importance b) which is of a scale large enough to make a difference: c) which is not dissipated by conflicting policies and administrative arrangements: d) which offer powerful incentives to state, local and private initiative, and thereby move toward a "steady state" of continuous problem-solving; e) which begin to erase the public's skepticism -- its growing �Introduction - 2 - feeling that public programs ara not to-bo- taken _seriously, that more is promised than will ever be delivered. The Task Foree presently dalf fot believes there are seven urban· problems which a national etfort at scale -- p~oblems which are not self-correcting, at lsast nbt within a sufferable length of time~ 1) the segregation of race a:nd income~ ai1d' the separation of ghettoed populations from the growth ~ectors of the- urban economy. 2) the lack of provision for urban youth, especially educatiot and jobs. 3) the absence of an urban competence in the determination of national economic policy. 4) the inadequacy of financial flows to and among urban communities, and to the older, depressed areas in particular. 5) the extremely categorical approach to urban programming; the over-centralization of detail; the multiplication of required consents; and the disincentives to community enterpr ise. 6 ) t he me agre f low of talent into pµb lic servi ce at s t ate and local l e ve l s . 7) the lack of provision for l ong-range programming, and for continuous innovation and evaluation. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Draft 5/10/67 CONFIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION America and its communities are changing with unsettling rapidity. Most of this change has been healthy; and most of the problems it has caused tend to evoke their own solutions. This country - de- spite its transitional strains and its freely-voiced complaints - has an immense capacity for self-correction. There is always a temptation - and a pressure - to over-react: to give equal ear to every complaint, to chase off after every prob- fem, and to wind up with a congeries of programs which may slow up rather than accelerate the nation’s natural and long-run capacity for self-correction. J Evidence is accumulating that such has already happened in the federal government's response to urban problems over the past twenty years. These have been years of experimentation, imorovisation, and probing. On balance, they have been constructive. But neither in scale nor impact have they caught up with the dimensions and force of the nation's urban trends and developing problems. The time has come to move from experimentation over a wide front, and in sometimes contrary directions, to an effort a) which is aimed at selected problems of transcending importance b) which is of a scale large enough to make a difference; c) which is not dissipated by conflicting policies and adminis- trative arrangements; ad) which offer powerful incentives to state, local and private initiative, and thereby move toward a "steady state" of con- tinuous problem-solving; e) which begin to erase the public's skepticism -- its growing Introduction ; -2- feeling that public programs are not to-be taken seriously, that more is promised than will ever be delivered. The Task Force believes there are seven urban problems which presently call for a national effort at scale -- problems which are not self-correcting, at léast not within a suffetable length of time: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) the segregation of race and income, and the separation of ghettoed populations from the growth sectors of the. urban economy. the lack of provision for urban youth, especially educatior and jobs. the absence of an urban competence in the determination of national economic policy. the inadequacy of financial flows to and among urban com- munities, and to the older, depressed areas in particular. the extremely categorical approach to urban programming; the over-centralization of detail; the multiplication of required consents; and the disincentives to community enterprise. the meagre flow of talent into public service at state and local levels. the lack of provision for long-range programming, and for continuous innovation and evaluation.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Box 22, Folder 2, Document 42 Box 22 Box 22 Folder 2 Folder topic: Confidential Task Force (Task Force on Cities) | 1966-1967