Box 17, Folder 14, Document 27

Box 17, Folder 14, Document 27

BACKGROUND:
A Handbook for Reporters
covering the desegregation
of Atlanta Public Schools
prepared by
OASIS
Organizations Assisting Schools in September
Room 813, SO Whit hall Street, S.W.
Atlanta 3, Georgia
J
�A List of People
You May Want to Interview
ATLANTA PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Sup erintendent: Dr. John W. Letson
City H all - Ja 2-3381
Deputy Superint endent: Dr. Rua! W. Stephens
ATLANTA BOARD OF EDUCATION
Chairman: L J. O'Callaghan
11 Marietta St., N . W. - Ja 1-0238
A ttorney: A. C. (Pete) Latimer
Healey Building - 521-1282
ATLANTA DEPARTMENT OF POLICE
Chief: Herbert T. Jenkins
175 Decatur St., S.E. -Ja 2-7363
ATLANTA CHAMBER Of COMMERCE
President: Ben S. Gilmer
American Telephone Co.: 529-8611
Executive Vice President: Opie L. Shelton
Commerce Building - 521-0845
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
Eugene Cook
State Judicial Building -
Ja 5-0401
ATTORNEYS FOR THE TRANSFER STUDENTS
Donald L. Hollowell
859 Hunter St., S.W. - Ja 5-8372
E. E. Moore, Jr.
175 Auburn Ave., N.E. - Ja 4-6861
FEDERAL DISTRICT JUDGE, NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
GEORGIA
Frank A. H ooper, Jr.
Old Post Office Building -
Mu 8-3517
GENERAL ASS EMBLY COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS
Chairman: John A. Sibley
Trust Company of Georgia -
Ja 2-6000
GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
S. Ernest .Vandiver
State Capitol -
Ja 1-177 6
GREATER ATLANTA COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
President: Dr. Arthur Vann Gibson
Church Office: Tr 2-8939
Executive Director: Dr. Loren T . Jenks
163 Walton St. , N.W. - Ja 3-2796
GREATER ATLANTA AND GEORGIA COUNCILS ON
HUMAN RELATIONS
Director (Atlanta ): Mrs. Walter Paschall
41 Exchange Pl. , S.E. - 525-6468
Director (Georgia): Mrs. William C. Pauley
41 Exchange Pl. , S.E. - 525-6468
�GUTS (GEORGIANS UNWILLING TO SURRENDER)
Lester G. Maddox
Home: Ce 3-4374, Business: Tr 4-9344
HOPE, IN C. (HELP OUR PUBLIC EDUCATION)
Chairman: Mrs. Thomas M. Breeden
Home: Bl 5-3820
LEAGUES OF WOMEN VOTERS OF ATLANTA AND
GEORGIA
President (Atlanta): Mrs. Rushton Coulborn
1036 Peachtree St., N.E. - 876-0732
President (Georgia ·: Mrs . Fleming Law
7 - 17th St. - Tr 2-4075
Public R elations Chairman: Mrs. Edward
Vinson , Dr 7-5286
MAYOR OF THE CITY O.F ATLANTA
William B. H artsfield
City H all - Ja 2-4463
N. A. A. C. P.-ATLANTA BRANCH
President: Reverend Samuel W. Williams
Church Office: Mu 8-0206
Executive Director: James Gibson
236 Aubu rn Ave., N .E . - M u 8-6064
OASIS (ORGANIZATION S ASSISTING SCHOOLS IN
SEPTEMBER)
G eneral Chairman: Mrs . Philip Hammer
Home : Ce 3-0955
Vice Chairman: Rev. Allison Williams
Church Office: Ce 7-6491
Vice Ch airman: Mrs. William S. Shelfer
Dr 3-0765
Secretary -Treasurer: Mrs. Hamilton Lokey
Ce 7-4215
Executive Director: Mrs. J. C. Harris
50 Whitehall St. - Ja 5-8469
Pub lic Information Chairman:
M rs. D avid Neim an - Ce 7-0209
SO U THERN REGI ONAL COUNCIL
Executi ve Director: Dr. Leslie W . Dunbar
5 F orsyth St. , N .W. - 522-8764
STAT E D EPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Superintendent: D r. Claude Purcell
State Office Building - 688-2390
UNITED CHUR CH W O MEN OF ATLANTA
President: Mrs . P hil B. Narmore
872-5 862
�RALPH
Atlanta has sought in all things to be a responsible
city. This is her great tradition. As early as
December 1889, Henry W. Grady, whose name
is on our modern and
beautiful city hospital, on
one of our finest schools,
on one of our hotels, and
whose statue stands in the
heart of our city, said, in
a speech made to the Merchants of Boston :
"The problem of race
... is so bound up in our
honora ble obligation to the
world th at we would no t
disentangle it if we could
... I would rather see my people render back this
question rightl y solved th an to see them gather
all the spoils over which fac tion has contended
since Cataline conspired and Caesar fought. "
This was Grady's basic a pproac h. His opinions,
dealing with the context of hi s time, do not all
jibe with tod ay's. But, he was rig ht in the great
sense .. . it must be rightly solved.
This is the city which welcomed back General
Sherman, not many years after the war, and gave
him a tremendous reception , including a dinner
attended by Confederate veterans who directl y
had opposed him-a nd who had been driven from
the city which he proceeded , in time, to burn.
This is the city which has always tri ed to look
forw ard , not backward . It has never wa nted to
be an old Southern city, caught like a fl y in
amber, and dying of qu aintness and musty charm.
From the tim e the so und of hammers and the
ras p of saws bega n to be heard in the rebuilding
of the city after Sherman's fires had died , we have
sought to bu ild into th e city a belief in the principles of thi s country, of justice and opportunity.
We have not always succeeded . T he record is not
unm arred. But we h ave never ceased to try.
One of our great strengths is that there have
[ 2]
�..L
been attracted here the graduates of the many
institutions over the nation. Every year we are
pleased to carry items about the local alumni of
Wisconsin , of Minnesota, of California, of Princeton , Yale, Harvard , Smith, Radcliff, Vassar, et al,
who are to have a luncheon or dinner and are
calling on the faithful to attend. Atlanta has attracted, too, many of the more ambitious young
men and women from the smaller cities and
towns of our own state and others of the South.
We are a city of transportation and communication , and this has brought t·o us young executive
and professional men .
This press pack is an example. A great many
persons, all volunteers, have worked on it. They
want yo u to know that after the school decision
by the U. S. Supreme Court, this was a city in
which there was a debate and a continuing exchange of ideas. The White Citizens Councils, the
Klans, and others of that mentality, could , and
did, have their say. But they were answered. They
did not dominate. They could not coerce or intimidate, as they did in neighboring states.
The men and women who have compiled this
press pack represent volunteer citizen organizatio ns wh ich have worked for public schools-and
for the orderly processes of law. We, of the press,
radio and television , have helped them have their
say . We commend them to you.
One never knows. The forces of evil and
violence are unpredictable. But we believe that
the overwhe lmin g sentim ent in thi s city is for
lawf ul procedures. W hat we chiefly want yo u to
know is that we have not been idle. We h ave not
sa t with folded hands and wa ited. We h ave not
left it for others to do. The people of the city
have tried to organize public opinion , and , more
important, to inform it. Th is press pack contains
the essence of that effort.
RALPH McGI LL
Publisher, The Atlanta Constitution
[3]
�CITY OF A T LA NTA
OFF ICE of th e MAYOR
A t lanta 3, G e o rg ia
To the Gentlemen of the Press:
On behalf of the City of Atlanta, it is my pleasure
to extend you a cordi al welcome. ·
You have traveled far in order to be present as
history is once again made in Atlanta . Knowing
Atlanta and her people , I have every confidence
that the story you flash to the world will be a
positive, dramatic picture of a great City facing
profound change with di gnity; a City continuing
to be a credit to the N ation ; a City too busy to
hate.
May your stay with us be both enjoyable and
rewarding. And when you go , may you take with
you in your mind a memory of the South at its
best, and in your heart, a desire to return. We ar e
always glad to have you with us.
Sincerely yours,
Mayor
[ 4]
�CITY OF ATLANTA
DEPARTMENT of POLICE
Atlanta 3, Georgia
ST ATEMENT OF HERBERT T . JENKINS,
CHIEF OF THE ATLA NTA POLICE
DEPA RTMENT
"T he Board of E ducati on and the Superintendent
of Schools bas original and ·complete jurisdiction
to operate the public schools of Atlanta. In accordance with state and F ederal regulations and
u nder order fro m the Federal Court, the Atlanta
schools will be desegregated when school opens
on August 30, 196 1.
"If an y person or persons object to the m anner
or method of operation of the A tlanta Public
Sch ools, those objecti ons must be m ade to the
Superintendent of School's offi ce at the City H all,
and u nder no circum stances will objections be
disc ussed , or disturbances be permitted at any of
the ind ividua l schools.
"Local and State laws have always surrounded
and provided special protection for public worship and public schools. Section 36. 14 of the City
Code forbid s distu rbi ng public schools and states
that 'no person, at or near any p ublic sch ool,
shall , by co nversation, sign, or otherwise, engage
the attention of any of the pupil s, to the disturbance of such school. '
'The highest value of the law is the keepin g of
the peace- the Atlanta Police D epartment has
fu ll responsibility and authority to maintain the
peace and good order over the entire city, and
espec iall y at and aro und the schools."
August 1, 1961
[ 5]
�BACKGROUND:
ATLANTA
{19S4-1961)
When the Supreme Court Decision of May 1954
put an end to legal segregation in the nation's
schools, Georgia, like other deep South states,
adopted an official policy of last-ditch legal resistance. Despite protests from the Georgia Education Association, the League of Women Voters
and oth~r responsible citizens' groups, the General Assembly of 1955 adopted a "Private School
Plan" which included , among other measures, a
provision to cut off funds from any school system
which attempted to desegregate.
Secure in their legal "Magi not Line" and unhampered by fea r of Federal initiative in enforcing
the ruling in "Brown vs. Topeka," most Georgians
felt the Supreme Court's emphasis was on the
word "deliberate" rather than "speed." Schools
would continue in the traditional way; regional
mores would remain unchanged. The bitter lessons of Little Rock and Norfolk were as yet
unlearned. The changes in Baltimore, St. Louis
and Louisville were not deep-South enough to
stir Georgians from the blanket of apath y which
then covered the entire school question.
The first brush with realit y came in January
1958, when a group of Atlanta Negroes. in a
"class action ," filed suit agai nst the Atlanta School
Board . The suit (Calhoun et al vs. Latimer )
asked that the School Board be enjoi ned from
practicing racial discrimination in the public
schools. When in June of 19 59 U. S. District
Judge Frank Hooper ruled in favor of the pl aintiffs and ordered the Atlanta Board to submit a
plan for desegregation by the fo llowing December, the handwriting was clearl y on the wall. The
[ 6 ]
�School Board had no alternative but to submit a
plan. Yet any plan to desegregate Atlanta's schools
would be squarely in conflict with Georgia's
m assive resistance laws and would automatically
fo rce their closure.
Meanwhile, in October of 1958, echoes from Norfolk and Little Rock began to reverberate along
the Peachtrees. Anxious letters were written to the
newspapers. Isol ated groups of citizens held meetings. In November, the School Committee of the
Atl anta League of Women Voters publicly submitted ten questions to the School Board, the
most important of which was, "Will every school
in A tlanta close if the Courts order integration?"
T he School Board withheld a public answer since
the y were litigants in the pending Court suit; but
an Atlanta Constitution columnist outlined the
city's dilemma. On November 25th, under the
auspices of the League of Women Voters, an open
meeting was called to discuss ways and means
of keeping schools open. A steering committee was
fo rmed to seek coopera tion with the business and
fi nanci al leadership of A tl anta. Since it was felt
that a public stand at that time would be undesira bl e and premature, the steering committee
neve r got off th e ground .
T he disengagement of the loca l power structure ,
the unyielding "never" of the State political leadershi p and th e strident, often threatening segregationist voices clai ming th at "no school s are
better than in tegrated ones" were powerful deterrents to organized community action. Yet because the Atlanta papers respo nsibly reported the
news fro m other So uth ern cities, pointing out
editoriall y the tragic consequences of m assive resista nce elsewhere, ma ny A tl antan s realized their
public schools were in jeopardy and sought a way
to save them.
On December 9, 1958, eighteen white parents
chartered HOPE, Inc. (Help O ur P ublic Education), choosing to avoid the integration vs. segregation iss ue by taking an u ncomplicated stand
[ 7 ]
�for open public schools, period. Conceived primarily as an educational organization designed to
clear up the fog of confusion engendered by
"massive resistance," "interposition" and other socalled alternatives to compliance, it rapidly became a rallying ground for moderates who previously had suffered to remain silent. With the
fervor and enthusiasm only amateurs could maintain, HOPE spawned a welter of public manifestos (Ministers, Educators and Doctors, to name
just a few) and generated enough interest by
March of 1959 to hold a public rally which drew
upwards of 1,500 people and some prominent
speakers in support of open schools (Atlanta
Mayor Hartsfield, Publisher Ralph McGill, Georgia Legislator M. M. (Muggsy) Smith and Editor
Sylvan Meyer) . Favorable press, radio and television coverage Iof the March rally established a
bona-fide "Open Schools Movement." HOPE
chapters formed in Gainesville, Marietta, Jonesboro, Rome, Athens, Macon and Savannah with
other nuclei of interested supporters in cities and
towns throughout the state.
Inevitably there was opposition, much of it wellfinanced and organized. In addition to the
States Rights Council led by Augusta politico, Ro y
Harris, the Klans and White Citizens Councils,
Atlanta-based centers of resistance such as MASE
(Metropolitan Association for Segregated Education) and later GUTS (Georgians Unwilling to
Surrender) headed by Lester Maddox, now a
candidate in the five-cornered Atlanta m ayoralty
race, sprang up to harass open school advocates.
On November 30, 1959 the Atlanta School Board
submitted a stair-step plan for desegregation of
the public school s begi nning with the 12th grade
(given in full elsewhere in this pamphlet) . Judge
Hooper approved the plan on January 20, 1960
and ordered it into effect the following September; or as soon as the General Assembly of Georgia could enact statutes to allow Atlanta schools
to operate.
[ 8]
�In an attempt to influence legislative action, open
school supporters mounted an educational crash
program. Mayor Hartsfield proclaimed a "Save
Our Schools Week" in Atlanta. Representatives
of state-wide civic groups joined together in a
coordinated effort. Legislators, business leaders
and other opinion-makers throughout the state received repeated mailings underlinin·g the social,
economic and educational disasters accompanying
school closings elsewhere. The Fulton and DeKalb County legislative delegations which previously had withheld unanimous support, promised to seek legislative change. They were joined
by a handful of salons from other parts of the
state; but the prevailing sentiment when the General Assembly convened was to let Atlanta bear
the brunt of school closings to preserve segregation elsewhere in Georgia. ·
All during the legislative session public pressure
in behalf of open schools grew stronger. Delegations of open school supporters called on Governor Vandiver, Senator Russell, Senator Talmadge
and as many legislators as they could buttonhole.
As a. result, the Legislature appointed a nineteenmember "General Assembly Committee on
Schools" empowered to conduct hearings in each
of the State's Congress ional Districts to find out
whether "the people of Georgia may wish to
make a deliberate determination as to whether
future education is to be afforded through direct
tuition payments for use in private schools devoid
of governmental control , or whether the public
school system as it presently exists shall be maintained notwithstanding that the school system of
A tlanta and even others yet to come may be integrated . . . "
Cynics regarded the Committee as a delaying
tactic at best. It had power only to inquire and
recommend and it was a foregone conclusion
that most Georgians considered "race-mixing" far
more disastrous than the abandonment of public
education. Yet the strong grass-roots support for
[ 9 ]
�open schools in nearly every part of the State was
a surprise to almost everyone.
The Committee had the good fortune to be
chaired by widely-respected John Sibley, Chairman of the Board of the Trust Company of
Georgia. Mr. Sibley conducted the hearings with
good-humored dignity and impartiality. The importance of the "Sibley Commission" in awakening Georgians to the alternatives they faced cannot be overestimated. When the Committee issued
its report in April 1960, the 11-member m ajority recommended a Freedom of Choice plan,
somewhat similar to Virginia's. The 8-member
minority_ stood fast for segregation, even at the
cost of closed schools. The division within the
Committee itself reflected the sharp differences of
opinion in the state. Yet for the first time in the
deep South, the majority of an all-Georgia committee appointed by the State Legislature with
the blessings of the State Administration recommended that existing laws be changed to allow
some desegregation . . . before a Negro ch ild
actually applied to enter a w hite public school.
After the publication of "The Sibley Report,.,
Judge Hooper stayed integration of Atlanta
schools for a year. On May 9, 1960, he amended
the Atlan ta Plan to include desegregation of the
11th and 12th grades at the beginning of the J96 l
school year. The Atlanta Plan was to become effect ive "whether or not the General Assembly of
Georgia at its session in January I 961 passes
permissive legislation. " In Judge Hooper's words,
"to order the Atlanta Public Schools to integrate
. . . in September 1960 could mean but one
thing; that is, the closing of Atlan ta's schools.
To postpone this ... will give the Georg ia Legislature ... one last cha nce to prevent thi s closing. "
I mmedi ately fo llowi ng this fina l Court decision ,
HOPE called a "Georgia Open Schoo ls Co nference" attended by 500 delegates in vited from
some 87 Georgi a cities, towns or counties. Edward
[ 10]
�R. Murrow televised this Conference in a nationwide documentary "Who Speaks for the South."
As it became more acceptable to speak out openly
for legislative change, many came forward with
strong public statements. As a Gainesville editor
put it, "You can hear minds changing all over
Georgia."
In the F all of 1960, open school advocates initiated "Operation Las t Chance," taking their cue from
Judge Hooper's words . Armed with forthright
statements from Churches (all faiths and every
important denomination, including the influential
Georgia Baptist Convention) ; business leaders
(the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, the Atlanta
Jaycees and key individuals throughout the State);
lawyers (the Atlanta and Georgia Bar Associations); educators (the Georgia Education Association , "Mr. Jim" Peters, venerable Ch airman of
the State Board of Education) ; and m any others,
the issue was kept constantly before the public.
"D ays of Deci sion" Forums were held in Athens,
Rome, A lbany, Columbus, Augusta and Savannah to plead the case for legislative change.
The Georgia Chamber of Commerce conducted
its own Legislative Forums, with Administration
floor-leaders F r ank Twitty and Carl Sanders finding a preponderance of open-school sentiment and
refl ecting this in their public statements. All this
was played again st the backdrop of New Orlea ns
which remained in the headlines throughout the
F all.
Coincident with the opening of the 1961 Legislati ve Session was the now-famous "Athen's crisis. "
When two Negroes were ordered ad mitted to the
Uni versity of Georgi a by U . S. District Judge
W illi am A. Bootle, Governor Vandiver and the
Legislature were prov ided a chaotic exa mpl e of
what "bitter-end " resistance meant. Existi ng statutes wo uld fo rce closing Georgia's beloved University ( the nation's oldest state-supported institution of higher learn ing ) and this was too bitter
a pill fo r even the strongest segregationists. On
[ 11 ]
�January 18, 1961 , S. Ernest Vandiver, who had
been elected Governor of Georgia only two years
prior on a platform which said he would never
permit desegregation , underwent a dramatic reversal. In o~der to save the schools of Georgia ,
he offered a "Child Protection Plan ," through
which a community can decide by local school
board action or a referendum whether it wants
to close its schools when it faces a court order to
desegregate. If a community decides for open
schools, tuition grants provide mone y for children not wishing to attend integrated schools.
The Legislature promptly repealed the mandatory
closing Jaws and adopted the Governor's four-bill
package.
The open schools advocates bad won their bat tle.
Atlanta was now free to comply with its Court
order, with no threat of school closings. Applications for transfer to the 11th arid 12th grades
were submitted by 133 Negro children between
May 1st and May 15th. After an exhaustive series
of tests and interviews (required by the Atlanta
Plan) ten were chosen to enter four previously allwhite high schools (Brown, Grady, Murphy and
Northside) . 38 others are still in the process of
appealing the Board's decision to reject their applications. One white child, Sandra Melkild, now
attending Northside High School, has requested
transfer to another presently all-white school ,
basing her request on "freedom of association ."
The Atlanta School Board has denied her a transfer. On August 9th the State School Board overruled the Atlanta Board's decision ; but Judge
Hooper has ordered a stay of the State Board of
Education's ruling, pending a hearing.
Once the conflict between State and Federal laws
was resolved , emphasis shifted to desegregation
with dignity. The organizations comprising the
" Open Schools Movement" sent representatives to
call on Dr. John Letson , Superintendent of Atlanta Public Schools, early last February to ask
what citizens might do to help create a climate
[ 12 ]
�of calm, dignified compliance with the law. It was
suggested that church, business, service and youth
groups outside the immediate jurisdiction of the
school administration be encouraged to play a
leading role in this effort through public discussion and dissemination of information. A new
group, in fact an Organization of organizations,
was formed with a broad base of community support. Its name: OASIS (Organizations Assisting
Schools in September) an acronym Atlantans feel
is descriptive of their city.
OASIS, with its 53 affiliates, is divided into three
sections-Religious, Civic and Service Groups
and Youth-serving Agencies. Members range
from service clubs and Girl Scouts to labor unions
and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Its activity has been lowkey but intensive, seeking to work through already existing organizational machinery to reach
hundreds of thousands of Atlanta's citizens.
OASIS has stimulated hundreds of meetings
throughout the long, hot Atlanta summer. 126
volunteer discussion leaders h ave been on call to
assist at gatherings varying from 200 in the Southwest Community Council to half-a-dozen an~ious
parents meeting in a neighbor's living room. A
Speaker's Bureau, headed by an ex-president of
The Toastmasters, provides information for business and service groups. A troupe of Theater Atlanta Players has presented improvised desegregation skits for teenagers at camps and youth centers all over town . OASIS has brought over one
hundred white and Negro youth leaders together
and encouraged Atlanta's more prominent citizens to speak out in behalf of responsible compliance.
OASIS' Religio us Section spearheaded the observance of "Law and Order Weekend (Friday,
August 25th through Sunday, August 27th) during which Atlanta's prolifery of churches and
synagogues conducted special prayers for peacefu l
transition. Ministers were asked to take their
[ I3 ]
�vacations before August 15th so that they would
be on hand to give moral leadership. All faiths
have participated in this effort, with leading
clergy and lay representatives playing active roles
as catalysts.
All of these efforts have received considerable
support from Atlanta's newspapers, television and
radio stations. Mayor William B. Hartsfield's repeated assertions that Atlanta will preserve its
reputation for .g ood race relations have been followed by public and private measures designed to
prevent trouble. Police Chief Herbert T. Jenkins
has had officers from his department observing
racial disturbances in other cities for two and
one-half years. The Chief has publicly proclaimed
that law and order will be maintained and warned
would-be violators of penalties. School Superintendent, Dr. John Letson, has told Atlantans that
anything less than desegregation with peace and
dignity will "exact a price that will not be paid
in full for a generation."
And when school opens on August 30th, this city
hopes to demonstrate that careful planning and
intelligent preparation can prevent the violence
that has accompanied school integration nearly
everywhere else in the deep South.
AN EDITORIAL P.S.
WE HOPE YOU WILL READ
In writing the forego ing p iece, we h ave tried to
give you "just the facts. " Now Jet us tell you
what's in our hearts. We had a double purpose
in preparing this kit. If our schools desegregate
smoothly and without incident- and the overwhelming majority of A tlantans are praying that
they will- we wanted you to know why. If a
rock is thrown or a demonstration staged, you
ought to know that is not the whole story of our
city.
Ask any of our local newsmen to tell you about
the " Open Schools Movement." They'll say we·re
[ 14]
�,,
a bunch of starry-eyed amateurs-a strictly grassroots-type operation held together chiefly with
scotch tape and imagination. But they'll also tell
you that we held together-through three interminable uphill years to accomplish what those
who thought they knew all about Georgia said
never would happen in our generation.
Who took part in the "Open Schools Movement?"
The ordinary people who live in Atlanta-and believe ir or not, much of Georgia. The printer who
donated pamphlets and hand-bills on a "pay if
yo u get it" basis. The businessmen wh-o gave an
office and typewriter, stationery, erasers and all
that scotch tape. The lawyers who voluntered
their time and brainpower to unsnarl the tangled
legal thickets. But most of all, the women of Atlanta who licked the stamps, organized the meetings and stayed on the telephone until they finished the job. Yes, the unsung heroines of the
"Open Schools Movement" are mostly ordinary
housewives and mothers who left beds unmade
and meals uncooked to insure their children's educational future.
Is it over yet? Not by a long shot. There are
those with whom old ways die hard. We have
beard the nation's most m ilitant racists are marshaling their forces to make a stand at this
"Second Battle of Atlanta." You must have heard
it too- or most of you wouldn't be h ere.
W hen the "symbolic ten" go to their classrooms,
segregation in Georgia's common schools will be
offici ally over. T here are those who wish the ten
could be a thousand. There are many who object
to even one. But whatever the views that divide
them, A tlantans are united in a single hope : that
the story that unfolds on August 30th will be
m uch different from the one you might have expected . A nd when ten Negro children go to
school on Wednesday, the heart of A tlanta will
go i n with them.
MRS. DAVfD N E IMAN
Public Information Chairman
OASIS
( Organizations Assisting
Schools in September)
[ 15 ]
�Atlanta Public Schools
CTTY HALL
ATLANTA 3, GEORGIA
To Representatives of the Press, Radio
and Television:
Citizens of Atlanta have long recognized that
good schools are an essential part of a great city.
Recent developments have demonstrated a determination on the part of all concerned to assess
realisticaf!y the problems we face and to proceed
with the educational tasks ahead. Teachers and
others who are a part of the Atlanta public school
system face the future with confidence and with
the firm conviction that changes and adaptations
will be made as circumstances require. I am certain that I speak for all school personnel in saying
that we are happy to be a p ~rt of a great city
that we are convinced will become still greater in
the year ahead.
Sincerel y,
John W. Letson
Superintendent
JWL/frk
[ 16 ]
�jv
ATLANTA
l::C::. CH AM BER Of COMM ERCE
1301 COMM ERCE SUILOING / P.0, SOX 17 4 0 /ATLANTA I , GEOl'tGIA / '21•084 5
~
f
Dear Visitor:
A tlanta is on trial. But so are the mass communications media of this n ation. How well we
both conduct ourselves will have a great and lasting effect on this city.
We, the busines leaders of this city, have never
faltered in our solid support of our officials in
their determin ation to obey the Jaw. We do not
intend to let lawlessness impede this mature city's
quest for greatness.
We are going to continue to do everything
possible here in Atlanta to p lay our rightful role
among American cities. We like to think of ourselves as responsible citizens.
We know we, in turn, can look to each of you
- our visitors- fo r the same high degree of responsible journalism.
Sincerely,
Opie L. Shelton
Executive Vice President
[ 17
J
�The Atlanta Plan,
Amended January 18, 1960,
Provides:
" Whereas, The State Board of Education has not promulgated rules and regulations relative to the placement of
students in the schools, and thfa Board has the inherent
power of pupil placemen t, and more complete regulations
are necessary.
" Now therefore: To insure orderly procedures of uniform
application for pupil assignment, transfer, and / or placement, and to enable the continuing improvement of the
educational advantages offered the following rules and
procedure shall be followed:
" ( 1). In the assignment, transfer or continuance of pupils
. .. the following factors and the effects or results thereof
shall be considered , with respect to the individu al pupil ,
as well as other relevant matters:
"availabie room and teaching capacity in the various
schools;
"the availab ility of transportation facilities;
" the effect of the admission of new pupils upon established or proposed academic programs;
"the suitability of established curricula for particular
pupils;
" the adequacy of the p upil 's academic prepara tion for
admission to a particular school and curriculum;
" the schol astic aptitude and relative intelligence or mental energy or ability of the pupil;
" the psychological qualification of the pupil for the type
of teachin g and associations involved ;
" the possibility or threat of friction or disorder among
pupils or oth ers;
" the poss ibility of breaches of the peace or ill will;
" the effect of admission of the pupil upon the academic
progress of other students in a pa rticular school or
fac ility thereof;
" the effec t of ad mi ssion upon preva iling academic standards at a particul ar school;
" th e psychol og ical effect upon the pupi l of at tend ance at
a part icul ar school;
" the home environment of th e pupil ;
" the maintenance or severance of establi shed soc ial and
psychological rel atio nships with other pup il s and with
teachers;
" the choice and interests of the pupil ;
" the ability to accept or confor m to new and different
ed ucationa l environment;
" the moral s, cond uct, health and personal stand ards of
the pupil ;
" the request or consent of parents or guardi ans and the
reaso ns ass igned th erefo r. "
(2). The C ity Superintendent of Schools wi ll ad minister
these prov isions, subject to the supervision of the Board.
[ 18 ]
�(3). The Superintendent will designate the school to
which each child applying for assignment or transfer shall
go. "All existing school assignments shall continue without
change until or unless transfers are directed or approved by
the Superintendent or his duly authorized representative. "
( 4) . Applications for admission, assignment, or transfer
and/ or placement shall be directed to the Superintendent
and delivered to the school principal between M ay 1st and
May 15th.
(5).
A separate applica tion must be filed for each child.
(6). Application forms must be filled out and signed by
parents or guardians and notarized. The Superintendent
may require interviews, tests, and investigation.
(7) . Notice of action taken shall be mailed to parents
or gua rdians within thirty days or not later than June 15th
and will be final action " unless a hearin g before the Board
is requested in writing within ten days from the date of
mailin g such sta tement."
(8) . Parents may file in writing objections to as, ignment
or request transfer to "a designated school or to another
school." The Board shall act on same within a reasonable
time. A hearing will be begun within twenty days of decision by the Board that a hearing is necessa ry.
(9). H ea rings on requests for transfers shall be conducted by the Board or not less th an three of the members
of the Board , and decisions "of the members or a majority
thereof sha ll be deemed a fin al decision by the Board ."
(I 0). Unless postponement is requested by the parents
or guardi an, the Board will notify them of its decision
within ten days after conclusion of the hearings. Every
appeal shall be fin all y conducted by the Board before September 1st. Any person dissatisfied with the final decision
of the Board may appeal to the State Board of Education.
(1 1). Th e Boa rd may ass ign certain pupils to vocational
o r other special schools or termin ate their public school enrollm ent altogeth er.
( 12). " Beginnin g September 1, 1960, or on September
1, fo ll owin g favorable action by the General Assembly of
Geo rgia, student assignm ent in the Atl anta Public School
System shall be made in accord ance with aforesa id rules
and regul ations and with out rega rd to race or color. F or the
fi rst school yea r in which it is effecti ve, th e pl an shall app ly
to the students in the 12th grade. Th ereafter , in each successive year, th e pl an shall be ex panded to the immediate
lower grade; e.g. in 196 1-62 grade 11th, in 1962-6 3 gra de
10th, etc. , until all grades a re includ ed. "•:•
( 13) . " N othin g conta ined in this resolution shall prevent the separation of boys and girl s in any sch ool or grade
or to prevent the assignment of boys and girls to separa te
schools.··
( 14). T hese ru les shall be contin gent upon th e enactmen t of sta tutes by the General Asse mbly o f G eorgia and
shall be submi tted to the Genera l Assembly fo r approval.
• O n May 9, 1960 U. S. Distri ct Jud ge H ooper rul ed th a t
the P la n of t he Atla nta Boa rd of E duca ti o n fo r grad ua l desegrega tio n be put into o perat io n o n May 1, 1961. A pplicat ions to the twelfth a nd e leve nth grades of the Atla nta Public
Schools were received fro m May I to I 5.
[ 19 ]
�The Atlanta Public Schools:
Some Facts and Figures
Prepared by the Atlanta Department of Education
THE FOUR SCHOOLS TO BE DESEGREGATED
Brown High School, named for Joseph E. Brown,
Civil War governor of Georgia, is located at 765
Peeples Street, S.W. West End, as the section is
popularly known, is an old and established part of
the city where the population now comprises low to
middle income families, although many longtime
residents still retain and live in their fine old homes.
It is a section of strong loyalties and considerable
pride of accomplishment. The principal of the school,
Maxwell Ivey, formerly principal of Hutchinson
Elementary School and former Director of Athletics
and coach of champion football teams, is serving his
first year as a high school principal at Brown. The
school may be reached from City Hall by driving
west on Whitehall, thence to Gordon, left on Peeples
for three blocks. There are about 1200 students and
50 teachers in the school. In 1961 there were 131
graduates with approximately 45 % attending college. Both students and teachers are very loyal to
the school and its fine tradition of good conduct and
high ideals.
Murphy High School was opened in 1930. Its present principal is George M. McCord whose tenure as
principal began in 1942. Mr. McCord is well known
in national camping circles, is very active in
YM CA, and other youth serving organizations.
Thei address of the school is 256 C lifton Street, S.E.,
adjacent to Memorial Drive. The school may be
reached by going east on Memorial Drive for approximately 3 miles. There are approximate ly 1200
students and 50 teachers in the school. Of the 205
graduating this year, about 50% continued in college. The community is a section of moderate priced
homes, law abidi ng citizens, and church-going population. The school is particularly noted for a balanced program of meeting student needs and interests.
Henry Grady High School was created in 1947 from
old Boy's High School and old Tech H igh School
which was once situated in the same building and on
the same grounds. Named for Henry W. Grady, famous orator a nd newspaperman, the school h as
taken great pride in its preparation of students for
college. Located at 929 Charles Allen Drive. N. E ..
( formerly Parkway Drive) the school is relatively
close to the downtown section but is also accessible
to very fine resident ial areas of the city. T he school
population ranges from families of lower middle in-
[ 20]
�comes to relatively high incomes, with considerable
diversity in religious and ethnic composition. It may
be reached by way of Peachtree, Ponce de Leon and
Charles Allen Drive; or by Peachtree and 10th Street.
The principal is Roger H . D erthick (i ncid entally,
brother of Lawrence Derthick, former U. S. Commissioner of Education) who is president of the
Atlanta Teachers Association. The school has an
enrollment of about 1500 students and there are uO
or more teachers. Approximatel y 80 % of the students continue their educatio n in college.
Northside High School , whose address is 2875 Northside Drive, N .W. , is located in an upper income
section of the city. Mr. W. H . Kelley has been principal of the schoo l since its inception in l 950. The
school is in that portion of the c ity annexed in 1952.
Former coach and Engl,ish teacher, he presides over
the school with humor and dignity. The school has
an enrollment of approximately 1100 a nd there are
about 45 teachers. More than 88 % of the 242 graduates this year will conti nue in college. The school
has maintained strong lead in football championships in recent years and is one whe re students indica te a strong school spirit. The school may be
re ached by going north on the Expressway to Northside Drive, or by going Peachtree Road to West
Wesley, turn left to Nortbside, then right one block.
Historical Facts About Atlanta School System
Established in 1872 with an enrollment of 3293 elementary
pupils and 301 high school students. Inauguration of 6-3-3
orga niza tion in 1923 with 8 junior and 4 senior high schools.
Enrollment 53,49 1 students in alJ sch ools. E stablishment of
communi ty, co-educational comprehensive high schools in
1947. Total enrollment 60,761. Annexation of 39 schools
and approximately 20,000 new st udents in 1952. Decentra liza tion of administrati on and Area organiza tion 1956.
More than 42 millions expend ed fo r new school buildings
since 1946.
Board of Education
P resident, L. J . O'Cal! aghan; Oby T. Brewer, Jr.; Dr. Rufus
E. Clement; Ed S. Cook; Glenn Frick; Elmo Holt; Harold
F. Jackson; Mrs. Clifford N . Ragsdale; Fred M . Shell.
Administration
Superintendent, D r. John W. Letson; D eputy Superintendent, D r. Rua ! W. Steph ens; Assista nt Superintendents, J arvis
Ba rnes, J. Everette D eVa ughn; Area Superintendents, Dr.
H . A. Bowen, Dr. Ed S. Cook, Jr. , D. W . H eidecker, Warren T . Jackson, D r. G. Y. Smith; Comptroll er, E . R. Holl ey.
Direct ors and Supervisory Staff
D irectors 18; Co-ordin ators and Supervisors 7; reso urce
personnel 3 J.
Area O rganization
Decentra lization of administra tion and instructi onal supervis ion by subd ividin g to 5 geograp hica l school areas under
Area Su perintendents and supervisory staffs.
[ 21 ]
�Schools
Structural organiza tion : Elementary, kindergarten through
7; high schools, grades 7-12; 2 vocational schools; 2 evening high schools; 2 evening vocational schools; 5 special
schools.
No. of
No. Enrollment A.D.A. Teachers
Elementa ry
High Schools
TOTALS
75,302
29,456
104,758
119
26
145
63,562
24,640
88,202
2,265
1,220
3,485
High Schools
Minimum requirements for diploma (beyond 8th grade) :
English 4 units, social studies 3 units, m ath 2 units, science
2 units, "activities" 2 units, electives 5 units. College preparatory a nd distinctive diploma curricula available in all high
schools.
%
Noof
No. of A11e11ding
A .D.A . Grad11a1es College
Name
Tea chers
23%
120
50
988
Archer
45%
36
665
112
Bass
45 %
51
1087
131
Brown
516
D ykes
25
27
547
80
East Atla nta
41
924
177
20%
Fulton
552
George
30
64
80%
1356
Grady .
60
256
81
1784
243
29%
Howard
Murphy
49
1030
48%
205
53
1091
239
85%
North Fulton
·242
44
981
88%
Northside
42
O'Keefe
786
87
23%
1614
29 %
Price
78
200
43
840
25 %
107
Roosevelt
Smith
36
532
18%
98
1147
47 %
Southwest
53
234
Sylvan
46
1021
41 %
179
Therrell
29
585
1623
Turner
69
201
45 %
2243
106
W ashingto n
324
68 %
1072
West Fulton
52
148
21 %
finances
Operating budget, 30 millio ns. Sources of income: local
taxes 55.1 %; sta te taxes 28.2 %; other sources 2.5%; cash
b ala nce 14.2 %. Allocation: administrat io n 2.1 %; instruction 71.9 %; m a intenance 4.7 %; operation 7 .0 %; opera tin g
b alance 5.6%; others 8.7 %.
Tea cher Salaries
(Annu a l sa lary in 12 monthly payments)
Certifica1io11
Mi11 in111111
Maxim 11111
Years
to R each
M axi11u11n
$4308
4500
4920
5520
$6540
7164
7896
8688
19
22
24
25
B.A. .
M.A . . . .
6 year College
Doctorate
Buildings and Grounds
Category
E lementary
High School
TOTALS .
No.
Units
130
45
175
No.
Acres
535.5
343.1
878.6
[ 22 ]
No.
Classrooms
2 194
1186
3380
Va/11e


$4 1,985,331
30,692 ,01 I
72,677 ,324
�libraries
No .of
Books
280,211
208,413
488,624
Categories
Elementary
High School
TOTALS
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1,312,974
306,972
1,619,946
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113 5,416,697 8,813,776 $1,806,116 $1,820,732
High
Schools . 24 1,666,919 2,445,01 5
921,274
920,331
TOTALS 137 7,083,616 11 ,258,791 2,727 ,390 2,741,063
Special Education
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High Schools
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Radio and Television Education
Radio a nd television statio ns owned by Board of Education.
Over 500 radio and TV sets in the schools;" over 60,000
studen ts viewing and hea ring 89 radio a nd 58 TV programs
per week in 139 schools. TV instruction in Health, General
Science, General Biology, World History, Physics, Social
Stud ies, Mathematics, Frenc h and S panish.
Health and Physical Fitness
Required of all e lementa ry p upils a nd 8th a nd 9th grade
stude nts. Interscholastic a thle tic program in 2 3 high schools
comprises J7 teams in each hjgh school in 10 different
activities under 11 5 teacher-coaches. P a rticipatio n, exclusive of bands a nd pep squads, by 5,000 students in 113
home games viewed by 200,000 spectators.
Audio-Visual Education
Esta blished in 1921, one of the oldest educa tional aud iovisual depa rtments in the na tion; school system has 5,000
pieces of A-V equipment and 10,000 A-V items; 2,000
presentations in classrooms; planetarium for space science
instruc tion; primate ho use with fu ll-time instructor.
Future Plans and Needs
Three new high schools; 400 additiona l elemen tary c lassrooms; warehouse a nd school services building; administration building; c urriculum development, super-visory, and
materia ls center; a utoma ted da ta processing equipment
a nd staffing; expansion o f curricular a nd instructional
leade rship program .
[ 23 ]
�MAPS of high school grounds
by Atlanta Police Dept.
BROWN HIGH SCHOOL
GOROoN'
l
HENRY GRADY HIGH SCHOOL
I
N
[ 24 ]
�Red line marks curb across adjacent streets. This
line encloses area off-limits to public and press.
MURPHY HIGH SCHOOL


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LIMIT
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NORTHSIDE HIGH SCHOOL
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[ 25 ]
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Information About
the Transfer Students
All of the ten transfer students, in the words of
Deputy School Superintendent Rua! Stephens,
" have outstanding school academic records, made
excellent scores on the tests given them and very
favorable impressions" when the y were interviewed by school officials. Some of the 10 were
accepted in spite of the fact that their residences
are nearer their present schools than the schools
they asked to attend . School officials said that in
such instances there were factors of " overriding
importance" which figured in the decisions to accept the students.
In one case, a youth aspired to go to the Naval
Academy at Annapolis and was unable to get the
ROTC training or special college preparatory
courses in m athematics and physics at his present
school.
School officials m ade it clear from the beginning
th at an important consideration in whether a
Negro student was accepted or rejected would
be his chances of doing well in a new school environm ent. Those finally accepted had composite
test scores wh ich in most instances exceeded the
median composite scores of the grades and schools
to which the y are being transferred.
Allen , D emaris-16 years old. Accepted for the
12th Grade, Brown High School. Composite test
score: 94.6. Median in 12th Grade at Brown:
66.4. Asked for transfer in order to receive speci al training in social studies , science and mathematics. Special interest: Arch aeology. Previous
extra-curricul ar activities : Dramatic and Dance
Clubs, Junior Red Cross, Honor Society.
[ 26 ]
�Black, Willie Jean-15 years old. Accepted for
11th Grade, Northside High School. Composite
test score: 93 .8. Median in 11th Grade at Northside: 82.8. Asked for transfer because of superior
curriculum offered in science and mathematics.
Special interest: Medical career. Previous extracurricular activities: Laboratory assistant, Honor
Society, Science program at Morris Brown College.
Gaines, Donita-16 years old. Accepted for 11th
Grade, Northside High School. Composite test
score: 92. Median in 11th Grade at Northside:
82.8. Asked for transfer because of superior curriculum . Special interest : Engineering. Previous
extra~curricular activities : Honor Society, Library
Assistant, Student Government, Y-Teens.
Ho lmes, Marth a A on-17 years old . Accepted for
12th Grade, Murph y High School. Composite test
score : 72.2. Median in 12th Grade at Murphy :
65.6. Asked for transfer because of crowded conditions at Howard High School. Special interests:
Chemistry and m athem atics. Previous extra-curricul ar activities: Band, Business-office assistant,
English Club, Honor Society, Student Government.
Jefferson , Lawrence-] 7 years old. Accepted for
12th Grade, Grady High School. Composite test
score : 85.8. Median in 12th Grade at Grady: 79.
Asked for transfer because of overcrowding at
Howard H igh School. Speci al interests: Mathemat ics and English. Previous extra-curricular activities: Honor Society, Student Government,
Cit y-wide Stude nt Council.
[ 27 ]
�McMullen, Mary James-16 years old. Accepted
for 12th Grade, Grady High School. Composite
test score: 69.6. Median in 12th Grade at Grady :
79. Asked for transfer because of overcrowding
at Howard High School. Special interests: Social
Science teaching. Previous extra-curricular activities: Basketball, Choir, Cheerleading.
Nix , Madelyn-15 years old. Accepted for 11th
Grade, Brown High School. Composite test score :
·83 .6. Median in 11th Grade at Brown: 65.8.
Asked for transfer because of superior curriculum
in mathematics and physics. Special interest :
Medical ·career. Previous extra-curricular activities : Honor Society, Orchestra, Student Government.
Simmons, Arthur C.-16 years old. Accepted for
12th Grade, Northside High School. Composite
test score : 84.4. Median in 12th Grade at Northside : 84. Asked for transfer because of superior
curriculum, particularly Mechanical D rawing.
Special interest: Engineering. Previous extra-curricular activities : Honor Society.
Walton , Rosalyn- 16 years old. Accepted for 11th
Grade, Murphy High School. Composite test
Score: 56.8. Medi an in 11th G rade Murphy:
67 .8. Asked for tra nsfer because of proxim ity to
home. Special interest : E lementary school teaching. Previous extra-curricular activities : Choi r,
Honor Society.
Welch, Thomas E .-1 6 years old . Accepted for
11th Grade, Brown High School. Compos ite test
score: 89 .2. Median in 11th G rade at Brown:
65.8. Asked for transfer in order to take ROTC,
unava ilable at Washington H igh School. Special
interest : Admission to A nnapolis and future
N aval Career. P revious extra-curricular activities :
Chorus.
[ 28
l
�Sigma Delta Chi
Code of Ethics
I. The primary function of newspapers is to communicate to the human race what its members do,
feel and think. Journ a lism, therefore, demands of
its practitioners the widest range of intelligence,
of knowledge, and of experience, as well as natural and trained powers of observation and reasoning. To its opportunities as a chronicle are
indissolvabl y linked its obligations as teacher and
interpreter.
II. To the end of findin g some means of codifying
sound practice in just aspirations of Am erican
Journ a lism these gains are se t forth:
1. RESPONS!BlLITY
The right of a newspaper to attract and hold
readers is restricted by nothin g but consideration of p ub lic we lfa re. The use a newspaper
m akes of th e sha re of public attention it gai ns,
se rves to determ ine its sense of responsibility
whi ch it shares wi th ever y m ember o f its staff.
A jo urn a list who uses his power for any selfish
or o th erwise un wo rthy purpose is faithless to
a h igh tru st.
2.
FREEDOM OF THE P RESS
Freedo m of th e press is to be guarded as a
v ita l rig ht of m a nki nd. It is th e unqu estion able
rig ht to di sc uss whatever is not explicitl y forbidden by law, incl uding the wisdom of any
restrictive statu te.
3.
I NDE PENDENCE
Freedom fro m a ll ob liga tions, except th at o f
fide lity, to th e pub lic in terest is v it al.
A. Pro motion of any p ri vate interest, co ntrary
to the ge nera l we lfa re, for whateve r reaso n, is not co mpatib le with honest journalism. So-called news co mmuni ca ti ons
from private sources should not be published wi th o ut public notice of their sou rce
or e lse substa ntiation of their claims to
va lue as news, bo th in fo rm and substance.
B. Pa rtisanship, in editorial comm ent, whi ch
knowingly departs fro m the truth, does
vio lence to the best spirit of journ a li sm ;
in the news columns, it is sub versive of a
fu nd amental pri nciple of the p rofessio n.
4.
ALL SINCERITY, TRUST, ACCURACY.
Good fa ith with the reader is the fo un datio n
of all journa lism worthy of the name.
[ 29 ]
�Youth-Serving Organizations Section:
Chairman, Mrs. John Steinhaus
Co-Chairman, Mrs. R. H. Brisbane
Atlanta Boys Clubs
Atlanta Girls Clubs
Atlanta Jewish Community Center
Bethlehem Community Center
B'nai B'rith Youth Organization
Girl Scouts
Grady Homes Community Girls Club
Interdenominational Youth Center
Religious Education Association
Salvation Army
Temple Youth Group
Wesley Community House
YMCA
YWCA
Religious Organizations Section:
Co-Chairmen: Reverend Nat Long
Reverend Norman Shands
Atlanta Chapter, American Jewish Committee
Diocesan Council of Catholic Women
Georgia Council of Churches
Greater Atlanta Counci l of Churches
Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance
United Church Women of Atlanta and Georgia
Churches of every faith:
Catholic, Eastern and Greek Orthodox, Jewish
and Protestant; and every denomination within each faith:
Jewish : Orthodox, Conservative, Reform.
Protestant : Alli ance, Assembly of God, Baptist,
Christian Science, C hurch of Christ, Church
of God , Congregation al, Episcopal, Friends,
Holiness, Latter Day Saints, Lutheran, Methodist, N aza rene, Primitive Baptist, Presbyteri an, Salvation Army, Seventh Day Adventists,
United Liberal , Unity.
[ 32 ]
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37
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